diff --git a/core/vm/interface.go b/core/vm/interface.go
index 0fe1cbf5b..3dbe6fe5c 100644
--- a/core/vm/interface.go
+++ b/core/vm/interface.go
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ type CallContext interface {
 	Create(env *EVM, me ContractRef, data []byte, gas, value *big.Int) ([]byte, libcommon.Address, error)
 }
 
+// VMInterface exposes the EVM interface for external callers.
 type VMInterface interface {
 	Reset(txCtx evmtypes.TxContext, ibs evmtypes.IntraBlockState)
 	Create(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr libcommon.Address, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
@@ -51,3 +52,18 @@ type VMInterface interface {
 	IntraBlockState() evmtypes.IntraBlockState
 	TxContext() evmtypes.TxContext
 }
+
+// VMInterpreter exposes additional EVM methods for use in the interpreter.
+type VMInterpreter interface {
+	VMInterface
+	Cancelled() bool
+	IncrementDepth()
+	DecrementDepth()
+	Depth() int
+	SetCallGasTemp(gas uint64)
+	CallGasTemp() uint64
+	StaticCall(caller ContractRef, addr libcommon.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
+	DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr libcommon.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
+	CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr libcommon.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
+	Create2(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, endowment *uint256.Int, salt *uint256.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr libcommon.Address, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
+}
diff --git a/core/vm/interpreter.go b/core/vm/interpreter.go
index cf7597e2d..0df15b947 100644
--- a/core/vm/interpreter.go
+++ b/core/vm/interpreter.go
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ package vm
 import (
 	"hash"
 
-	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/chain"
 	libcommon "github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon-lib/common"
 	"github.com/ledgerwatch/log/v3"
@@ -85,21 +84,6 @@ type EVMInterpreter struct {
 	jt *JumpTable // EVM instruction table
 }
 
-type VMInterpreter interface {
-	VMInterface
-	Cancelled() bool
-	IncrementDepth()
-	DecrementDepth()
-	Depth() int
-	SetCallGasTemp(gas uint64)
-	CallGasTemp() uint64
-	StaticCall(caller ContractRef, addr libcommon.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
-	DelegateCall(caller ContractRef, addr libcommon.Address, input []byte, gas uint64) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
-	CallCode(caller ContractRef, addr libcommon.Address, input []byte, gas uint64, value *uint256.Int) (ret []byte, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
-	Create(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, endowment *uint256.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr libcommon.Address, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
-	Create2(caller ContractRef, code []byte, gas uint64, endowment *uint256.Int, salt *uint256.Int) (ret []byte, contractAddr libcommon.Address, leftOverGas uint64, err error)
-}
-
 // structcheck doesn't see embedding
 //
 //nolint:structcheck
diff --git a/turbo/stages/chain_makers_test.go b/turbo/stages/chain_makers_test.go
index 02e207b8a..986588002 100644
--- a/turbo/stages/chain_makers_test.go
+++ b/turbo/stages/chain_makers_test.go
@@ -99,7 +99,11 @@ func TestGenerateChain(t *testing.T) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	tx, _ := m.DB.BeginRo(m.Ctx)
+	tx, err := m.DB.BeginRo(m.Ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("beginro error: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
 	defer tx.Rollback()
 
 	st := state.New(state.NewPlainStateReader(tx))