Add padding to gas estimations

Adds a 20% buffer to gas estimations to reduce out-of-gas errors.

accounts/abi/bind/backends/simulated.go

@@ -612,6 +612,8 @@ func (b *SimulatedBackend) EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMs
 	} else {
 		hi = b.pendingBlock.GasLimit()
 	}
+	// Track the maximum gas based on the account's available funds and the txn feeCap.
+	var accountGasLimit uint64
 	// Recap the highest gas allowance with account's balance.
 	if call.GasPrice != nil && !call.GasPrice.IsZero() {
 		balance := b.pendingState.GetBalance(call.From) // from can't be nil
@@ -623,14 +625,17 @@ func (b *SimulatedBackend) EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMs
 			available.Sub(available, call.Value.ToBig())
 		}
 		allowance := new(big.Int).Div(available, call.GasPrice.ToBig())
-		if allowance.IsUint64() && hi > allowance.Uint64() {
-			transfer := call.Value
-			if transfer == nil {
-				transfer = new(uint256.Int)
+		if allowance.IsUint64() {
+			accountGasLimit = allowance.Uint64()
+			if hi > allowance.Uint64() {
+				transfer := call.Value
+				if transfer == nil {
+					transfer = new(uint256.Int)
+				}
+				log.Warn("Gas estimation capped by limited funds", "original", hi, "balance", balance,
+					"sent", transfer, "gasprice", call.GasPrice, "fundable", allowance)
+				hi = allowance.Uint64()
 			}
-			log.Warn("Gas estimation capped by limited funds", "original", hi, "balance", balance,
-				"sent", transfer, "gasprice", call.GasPrice, "fundable", allowance)
-			hi = allowance.Uint64()
 		}
 	}
 	gasCap = hi
@@ -686,6 +691,14 @@ func (b *SimulatedBackend) EstimateGas(ctx context.Context, call ethereum.CallMs
 			return 0, fmt.Errorf("gas required exceeds allowance (%d)", gasCap)
 		}
 	}
+
+	// Adds a 20% pad to the estimated gas usage, not exceeding account gas limit
+	// to help mitigate gas underestimations
+	hi = hi + hi/5
+	if accountGasLimit != 0 && hi > accountGasLimit {
+		hi = accountGasLimit
+	}
+
 	return hi, nil
 }
 

accounts/abi/bind/backends/simulated_test.go

@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ func TestSimulatedBackend_EstimateGas(t *testing.T) {
 			GasPrice: u256.Num0,
 			Value:    u256.Num1,
 			Data:     nil,
-		}, params.TxGas, nil, nil},
+		}, 25200, nil, nil},
 
 		{"plain transfer(invalid)", ethereum.CallMsg{
 			From:     addr,
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ func TestSimulatedBackend_EstimateGas(t *testing.T) {
 			GasPrice: u256.Num0,
 			Value:    nil,
 			Data:     common.Hex2Bytes("e09fface"),
-		}, 21275, nil, nil},
+		}, 25530, nil, nil},
 	}
 	for _, c := range cases {
 		got, err := sim.EstimateGas(context.Background(), c.message)
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ func TestSimulatedBackend_EstimateGasWithPrice(t *testing.T) {
 			GasPrice: uint256.NewInt(0),
 			Value:    uint256.NewInt(1000),
 			Data:     nil,
-		}, 21000, nil},
+		}, 25200, nil},
 
 		{"EstimateWithPrice", ethereum.CallMsg{
 			From:     addr,
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@ func TestSimulatedBackend_EstimateGasWithPrice(t *testing.T) {
 			GasPrice: uint256.NewInt(1000),
 			Value:    uint256.NewInt(1000),
 			Data:     nil,
-		}, 21000, nil},
+		}, 25200, nil},
 
 		{"EstimateWithVeryHighPrice", ethereum.CallMsg{
 			From:     addr,

consensus/ethash/consensus.go

@@ -565,8 +565,8 @@ func (ethash *Ethash) Finalize(config *chain.Config, header *types.Header, state
 	chain consensus.ChainHeaderReader, syscall consensus.SystemCall,
 ) (types.Transactions, types.Receipts, error) {
 	// Apply fork changes on PrimordialPulse block
-	if cfg := chain.Config(); cfg.IsPrimordialPulseBlock(header.Number.Uint64()) {
-		pulse.PrimordialPulseFork(state, cfg.PulseChain)
+	if config.IsPrimordialPulseBlock(header.Number.Uint64()) {
+		pulse.PrimordialPulseFork(state, config.PulseChain)
 	}
 
 	// Accumulate any block and uncle rewards and commit the final state root