* core: initial version of state snapshots
* core/state: lazy sorting, snapshot invalidation
* core/state/snapshot: extract and split cap method, cover corners
* snapshot: iteration and buffering optimizations
* core/state/snapshot: unlink snapshots from blocks, quad->linear cleanup
* 123
* core/rawdb, core/state/snapshot: runtime snapshot generation
* core/state/snapshot: fix difflayer origin-initalization after flatten
* add "to merge"
* core/state/snapshot: implement snapshot layer iteration
* core/state/snapshot: node behavioural difference on bloom content
* core: journal the snapshot inside leveldb, not a flat file
* core/state/snapshot: bloom, metrics and prefetcher fixes
* core/state/snapshot: move iterator out into its own files
* core/state/snapshot: implement iterator priority for fast direct data lookup
* core/state/snapshot: full featured account iteration
* core/state/snapshot: faster account iteration, CLI integration
* core: fix broken tests due to API changes + linter
* core/state: fix an account resurrection issue
* core/tests: test for destroy+recreate contract with storage
* squashme
* core/state/snapshot, tests: sync snap gen + snaps in consensus tests
* core/state: extend snapshotter to handle account resurrections
* core/state: fix account root hash update point
* core/state: fix resurrection state clearing and access
* core/state/snapshot: handle deleted accounts in fast iterator
* core: more blockchain tests
* core/state/snapshot: fix various iteration issues due to destruct set
* core: fix two snapshot iterator flaws, decollide snap storage prefix
* core/state/snapshot/iterator: fix two disk iterator flaws
* core/rawdb: change SnapshotStoragePrefix to avoid prefix collision with preimagePrefix
* params: begin v1.9.13 release cycle
* cmd/checkpoint-admin: add some documentation (#20697)
* go.mod: update duktape to fix sprintf warnings (#20777)
This revision of go-duktype fixes the following warning
```
duk_logging.c: In function ‘duk__logger_prototype_log_shared’:
duk_logging.c:184:64: warning: ‘Z’ directive writing 1 byte into a region of size between 0 and 9 [-Wformat-overflow=]
184 | sprintf((char *) date_buf, "%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d.%03dZ",
| ^
In file included from /usr/include/stdio.h:867,
from duk_logging.c:5:
/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/stdio2.h:36:10: note: ‘__builtin___sprintf_chk’ output between 25 and 85 bytes into a destination of size 32
36 | return __builtin___sprintf_chk (__s, __USE_FORTIFY_LEVEL - 1,
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
37 | __bos (__s), __fmt, __va_arg_pack ());
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
```
* core/rawdb: fix freezer table test error check
Fixes: Condition is always 'false' because 'err' is always 'nil'
* core/rawdb: improve table database (#20703)
This PR fixes issues in TableDatabase.
TableDatabase is a wrapper of underlying ethdb.Database with an additional prefix.
The prefix is applied to all entries it maintains. However when we try to retrieve entries
from it we don't handle the key properly. In theory the prefix should be truncated and
only user key is returned. But we don't do it in some cases, e.g. the iterator and batch
replayer created from it. So this PR is the fix to these issues.
* eth: when triggering a sync, check the head header TD, not block
* internal/web3ext: fix clique console apis to work on missing arguments
* rpc: dont log an error if user configures --rpcapi=rpc... (#20776)
This just prevents a false negative ERROR warning when, for some unknown
reason, a user attempts to turn on the module rpc even though it's already going
to be on.
* node, cmd/clef: report actual port used for http rpc (#20789)
* internal/ethapi: don't set sender-balance to maxuint, fixes#16999 (#20783)
Prior to this change, eth_call changed the balance of the sender account in the
EVM environment to 2^256 wei to cover the gas cost of the call execution.
We've had this behavior for a long time even though it's super confusing.
This commit sets the default call gasprice to zero instead of updating the balance,
which is better because it makes eth_call semantics less surprising. Removing
the built-in balance assignment also makes balance overrides work as expected.
* metrics: disable CPU stats (gosigar) on iOS
* cmd/devp2p: tweak DNS TTLs (#20801)
* cmd/devp2p: tweak DNS TTLs
* cmd/devp2p: bump treeNodeTTL to four weeks
* cmd/devp2p: lower route53 change limit again (#20819)
* cmd/devp2p: be very correct about route53 change splitting (#20820)
Turns out the way RDATA limits work is documented after all,
I just didn't search right. The trick to make it work is to
count UPSERTs twice.
This also adds an additional check to ensure TTL changes are
applied on existing records.
* graphql, node, rpc: fix typos in comments (#20824)
* eth: improve shutdown synchronization (#20695)
* eth: improve shutdown synchronization
Most goroutines started by eth.Ethereum didn't have any shutdown sync at
all, which lead to weird error messages when quitting the client.
This change improves the clean shutdown path by stopping all internal
components in dependency order and waiting for them to actually be
stopped before shutdown is considered done. In particular, we now stop
everything related to peers before stopping 'resident' parts such as
core.BlockChain.
* eth: rewrite sync controller
* eth: remove sync start debug message
* eth: notify chainSyncer about new peers after handshake
* eth: move downloader.Cancel call into chainSyncer
* eth: make post-sync block broadcast synchronous
* eth: add comments
* core: change blockchain stop message
* eth: change closeBloomHandler channel type
* eth/filters: fix typo on unindexedLogs function's comment (#20827)
* core: bump txpool tx max size to 128KB
* snapshotter/tests: verify snapdb post-state against trie (#20812)
* core/state/snapshot: basic trie-to-hash implementation
* tests: validate snapshot after test
* core/state/snapshot: fix review concerns
* cmd, consensus: add option to disable mmap for DAG caches/datasets (#20484)
* cmd, consensus: add option to disable mmap for DAG caches/datasets
* consensus: add benchmarks for mmap with/with lock
* cmd/clef: add newaccount command (#20782)
* cmd/clef: add newaccount command
* cmd/clef: document clef_New, update API versioning
* Update cmd/clef/intapi_changelog.md
Co-Authored-By: ligi <ligi@ligi.de>
* Update signer/core/uiapi.go
Co-Authored-By: ligi <ligi@ligi.de>
Co-authored-by: ligi <ligi@ligi.de>
* eth: add debug_accountRange API (#19645)
This new API allows reading accounts and their content by address range.
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
* travis: allow cocoapods deploy to fail (#20833)
* metrics: improve TestTimerFunc (#20818)
The test failed due to what appears to be fluctuations in time.Sleep, which is
not the actual method under test. This change modifies it so we compare the
metered Max to the actual time instead of the desired time.
* README: update private network genesis spec with istanbul (#20841)
* add istanbul and muirGlacier to genesis states in README
* remove muirGlacier, relocate istanbul
* cmd/evm: Rework execution stats (#20792)
- Dump stats also for --bench flag.
- From memory stats only show number and size of allocations. This is what `test -bench` shows. I doubt others like number of GC runs are any useful, but can be added if requested.
- Now the mem stats are for single execution in case of --bench.
* cmd/devp2p, cmd/wnode, whisper: add missing calls to Timer.Stop (#20843)
* p2p/server: add UDP port mapping goroutine to wait group (#20846)
* accounts/abi faster unpacking of int256 (#20850)
* p2p/discv5: add missing Timer.Stop calls (#20853)
* miner/worker: add missing timer.Stop call (#20857)
* cmd/geth: fix bad genesis test (#20860)
* eth/filters: add missing Ticker.Stop call (#20862)
* eth/fetcher: add missing timer.Stop calls (#20861)
* event: add missing timer.Stop call in TestFeed (#20868)
* metrics: add missing calls to Ticker.Stop in tests (#20866)
* ethstats: add missing Ticker.Stop call (#20867)
* p2p/discv5, p2p/testing: add missing Timer.Stop calls in tests (#20869)
* core: add missing Timer.Stop call in TestLogReorgs (#20870)
* rpc: add missing timer.Stop calls in websocket tests (#20863)
* crypto/ecies: improve concatKDF (#20836)
This removes a bunch of weird code around the counter overflow check in
concatKDF and makes it actually work for different hash output sizes.
The overflow check worked as follows: concatKDF applies the hash function N
times, where N is roundup(kdLen, hashsize) / hashsize. N should not
overflow 32 bits because that would lead to a repetition in the KDF output.
A couple issues with the overflow check:
- It used the hash.BlockSize, which is wrong because the
block size is about the input of the hash function. Luckily, all standard
hash functions have a block size that's greater than the output size, so
concatKDF didn't crash, it just generated too much key material.
- The check used big.Int to compare against 2^32-1.
- The calculation could still overflow before reaching the check.
The new code in concatKDF doesn't check for overflow. Instead, there is a
new check on ECIESParams which ensures that params.KeyLen is < 512. This
removes any possibility of overflow.
There are a couple of miscellaneous improvements bundled in with this
change:
- The key buffer is pre-allocated instead of appending the hash output
to an initially empty slice.
- The code that uses concatKDF to derive keys is now shared between Encrypt
and Decrypt.
- There was a redundant invocation of IsOnCurve in Decrypt. This is now removed
because elliptic.Unmarshal already checks whether the input is a valid curve
point since Go 1.5.
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
* rpc: metrics for JSON-RPC method calls (#20847)
This adds a couple of metrics for tracking the timing
and frequency of method calls:
- rpc/requests gauge counts all requests
- rpc/success gauge counts requests which return err == nil
- rpc/failure gauge counts requests which return err != nil
- rpc/duration/all timer tracks timing of all requests
- rpc/duration/<method>/<success/failure> tracks per-method timing
* mobile: use bind.NewKeyedTransactor instead of duplicating (#20888)
It's better to reuse the existing code to create a keyed transactor
than to rewrite the logic again.
* internal/ethapi: add CallArgs.ToMessage method (#20854)
ToMessage is used to convert between ethapi.CallArgs and types.Message.
It reduces the length of the DoCall method by about half by abstracting out
the conversion between the CallArgs and the Message. This should improve the
code's maintainability and reusability.
* eth, les: fix flaky tests (#20897)
* les: fix flaky test
* eth: fix flaky test
* cmd/geth: enable metrics for geth import command (#20738)
* cmd/geth: enable metrics for geth import command
* cmd/geth: enable metrics-flags for import command
* core/vm: use a callcontext struct (#20761)
* core/vm: use a callcontext struct
* core/vm: fix tests
* core/vm/runtime: benchmark
* core/vm: make intpool push inlineable, unexpose callcontext
* docs/audits: add discv5 protocol audits from LA and C53 (#20898)
* .github: change gitter reference to discord link in issue template (#20896)
* couple of fixes to docs in clef (#20900)
* p2p/discover: add initial discovery v5 implementation (#20750)This adds an implementation of the current discovery v5 spec.There is full integration with cmd/devp2p and enode.Iterator in thisversion. In theory we could enable the new protocol as a replacement ofdiscovery v4 at any time. In practice, there will likely be a few morechanges to the spec and implementation before this can happen.
* build: upgrade to golangci-lint 1.24.0 (#20901)
* accounts/scwallet: remove unnecessary uses of fmt.Sprintf
* cmd/puppeth: remove unnecessary uses of fmt.Sprintf
* p2p/discv5: remove unnecessary use of fmt.Sprintf
* whisper/mailserver: remove unnecessary uses of fmt.Sprintf
* core: goimports -w tx_pool_test.go
* eth/downloader: goimports -w downloader_test.go
* build: upgrade to golangci-lint 1.24.0
* accounts/abi/bind: Refactored topics (#20851)
* accounts/abi/bind: refactored topics
* accounts/abi/bind: use store function to remove code duplication
* accounts/abi/bind: removed unused type defs
* accounts/abi/bind: error on tuples in topics
* Cosmetic changes to restart travis build
Co-authored-by: Guillaume Ballet <gballet@gmail.com>
* node: allow websocket and HTTP on the same port (#20810)
This change makes it possible to run geth with JSON-RPC over HTTP and
WebSocket on the same TCP port. The default port for WebSocket
is still 8546.
geth --rpc --rpcport 8545 --ws --wsport 8545
This also removes a lot of deprecated API surface from package rpc.
The rpc package is now purely about serving JSON-RPC and no longer
provides a way to start an HTTP server.
* crypto: improve error messages in LoadECDSA (#20718)
This improves error messages when the file is too short or too long.
Also rewrite the test for SaveECDSA because LoadECDSA has its own
test now.
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
* changed date of rpcstack.go since new file (#20904)
* accounts/abi/bind: fixed erroneous filtering of negative ints (#20865)
* accounts/abi/bind: fixed erroneous packing of negative ints
* accounts/abi/bind: added test cases for negative ints in topics
* accounts/abi/bind: fixed genIntType for go 1.12
* accounts/abi: minor nitpick
* cmd: deprecate --testnet, use named networks instead (#20852)
* cmd/utils: make goerli the default testnet
* cmd/geth: explicitly rename testnet to ropsten
* core: explicitly rename testnet to ropsten
* params: explicitly rename testnet to ropsten
* cmd: explicitly rename testnet to ropsten
* miner: explicitly rename testnet to ropsten
* mobile: allow for returning the goerli spec
* tests: explicitly rename testnet to ropsten
* docs: update readme to reflect changes to the default testnet
* mobile: allow for configuring goerli and rinkeby nodes
* cmd/geth: revert --testnet back to ropsten and mark as legacy
* cmd/util: mark --testnet flag as deprecated
* docs: update readme to properly reflect the 3 testnets
* cmd/utils: add an explicit deprecation warning on startup
* cmd/utils: swap goerli and ropsten in usage
* cmd/geth: swap goerli and ropsten in usage
* cmd/geth: if running a known preset, log it for convenience
* docs: improve readme on usage of ropsten's testnet datadir
* cmd/utils: check if legacy `testnet` datadir exists for ropsten
* cmd/geth: check for legacy testnet path in console command
* cmd/geth: use switch statement for complex conditions in main
* cmd/geth: move known preset log statement to the very top
* cmd/utils: create new ropsten configurations in the ropsten datadir
* cmd/utils: makedatadir should check for existing testnet dir
* cmd/geth: add legacy testnet flag to the copy db command
* cmd/geth: add legacy testnet flag to the inspect command
* les, les/lespay/client: add service value statistics and API (#20837)
This PR adds service value measurement statistics to the light client. It
also adds a private API that makes these statistics accessible. A follow-up
PR will add the new server pool which uses these statistics to select
servers with good performance.
This document describes the function of the new components:
https://gist.github.com/zsfelfoldi/3c7ace895234b7b345ab4f71dab102d4
Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
* README: update min go version to 1.13 (#20911)
* travis, appveyor, build, Dockerfile: bump Go to 1.14.2 (#20913)
* travis, appveyor, build, Dockerfile: bump Go to 1.14.2
* travis, appveyor: force GO111MODULE=on for every build
* core/rawdb: fix data race between Retrieve and Close (#20919)
* core/rawdb: fixed data race between retrieve and close
closes https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/20420
* core/rawdb: use non-atomic load while holding mutex
* all: simplify and fix database iteration with prefix/start (#20808)
* core/state/snapshot: start fixing disk iterator seek
* ethdb, rawdb, leveldb, memorydb: implement iterators with prefix and start
* les, core/state/snapshot: iterator fixes
* all: remove two iterator methods
* all: rename Iteratee.NewIteratorWith -> NewIterator
* ethdb: fix review concerns
* params: update CHTs for the 1.9.13 release
* params: release Geth v1.9.13
* added some missing files
* post-rebase fixups
Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>
Co-authored-by: gary rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Alex Willmer <alex@moreati.org.uk>
Co-authored-by: meowsbits <45600330+meowsbits@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Co-authored-by: rene <41963722+renaynay@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Ha ĐANG <dvietha@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Hanjiang Yu <42531996+de1acr0ix@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: ligi <ligi@ligi.de>
Co-authored-by: Wenbiao Zheng <delweng@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Adam Schmideg <adamschmideg@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Jeff Wentworth <jeff@curvegrid.com>
Co-authored-by: Paweł Bylica <chfast@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: ucwong <ucwong@126.com>
Co-authored-by: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>
Co-authored-by: Luke Champine <luke.champine@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Boqin Qin <Bobbqqin@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: William Morriss <wjmelements@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Guillaume Ballet <gballet@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Raw Pong Ghmoa <58883403+q9f@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Felföldi Zsolt <zsfelfoldi@gmail.com>
* core/vm/runtime: add test for blockhash
* core/evm: less iteration in blockhash
* core/vm/runtime: nitpickfix
Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>
* common: delete StringToAddress, StringToHash
These functions are confusing because they don't parse hex, but use the
bytes of the string. This change removes them, replacing all uses of
StringToAddress(s) by BytesToAddress([]byte(s)).
* eth/filters: remove incorrect use of common.BytesToAddress
With this commit, core/state's access to the underlying key/value database is
mediated through an interface. Database errors are tracked in StateDB and
returned by CommitTo or the new Error method.
Motivation for this change: We can remove the light client's duplicated copy of
core/state. The light client now supports node iteration, so tracing and storage
enumeration can work with the light client (not implemented in this commit).
* common: remove CurrencyToString
Move denomination values to params instead.
* common: delete dead code
* common: move big integer operations to common/math
This commit consolidates all big integer operations into common/math and
adds tests and documentation.
There should be no change in semantics for BigPow, BigMin, BigMax, S256,
U256, Exp and their behaviour is now locked in by tests.
The BigD, BytesToBig and Bytes2Big functions don't provide additional
value, all uses are replaced by new(big.Int).SetBytes().
BigToBytes is now called PaddedBigBytes, its minimum output size
parameter is now specified as the number of bytes instead of bits. The
single use of this function is in the EVM's MSTORE instruction.
Big and String2Big are replaced by ParseBig, which is slightly stricter.
It previously accepted leading zeros for hexadecimal inputs but treated
decimal inputs as octal if a leading zero digit was present.
ParseUint64 is used in places where String2Big was used to decode a
uint64.
The new functions MustParseBig and MustParseUint64 are now used in many
places where parsing errors were previously ignored.
* common: delete unused big integer variables
* accounts/abi: replace uses of BytesToBig with use of encoding/binary
* common: remove BytesToBig
* common: remove Bytes2Big
* common: remove BigTrue
* cmd/utils: add BigFlag and use it for error-checked integer flags
While here, remove environment variable processing for DirectoryFlag
because we don't use it.
* core: add missing error checks in genesis block parser
* common: remove String2Big
* cmd/evm: use utils.BigFlag
* common/math: check for 256 bit overflow in ParseBig
This is supposed to prevent silent overflow/truncation of values in the
genesis block JSON. Without this check, a genesis block that set a
balance larger than 256 bits would lead to weird behaviour in the VM.
* cmd/utils: fixup import
Reworked the EVM gas instructions to use 64bit integers rather than
arbitrary size big ints. All gas operations, be it additions,
multiplications or divisions, are checked and guarded against 64 bit
integer overflows.
In additon, most of the protocol paramaters in the params package have
been converted to uint64 and are now constants rather than variables.
* common/math: added overflow check ops
* core: vmenv, env renamed to evm
* eth, internal/ethapi, les: unmetered eth_call and cancel methods
* core/vm: implemented big.Int pool for evm instructions
* core/vm: unexported intPool methods & verification methods
* core/vm: added memoryGasCost overflow check and test
Reworked the EVM gas instructions to use 64bit integers rather than
arbitrary size big ints. All gas operations, be it additions,
multiplications or divisions, are checked and guarded against 64 bit
integer overflows.
In additon, most of the protocol paramaters in the params package have
been converted to uint64 and are now constants rather than variables.
* common/math: added overflow check ops
* core: vmenv, env renamed to evm
* eth, internal/ethapi, les: unmetered eth_call and cancel methods
* core/vm: implemented big.Int pool for evm instructions
* core/vm: unexported intPool methods & verification methods
* core/vm: added memoryGasCost overflow check and test
The run loop, which previously contained custom opcode executes have been
removed and has been simplified to a few checks.
Each operation consists of 4 elements: execution function, gas cost function,
stack validation function and memory size function. The execution function
implements the operation's runtime behaviour, the gas cost function implements
the operation gas costs function and greatly depends on the memory and stack,
the stack validation function validates the stack and makes sure that enough
items can be popped off and pushed on and the memory size function calculates
the memory required for the operation and returns it.
This commit also allows the EVM to go unmetered. This is helpful for offline
operations such as contract calls.
Environment is now a struct (not an interface). This
reduces a lot of tech-debt throughout the codebase where a virtual
machine environment had to be implemented in order to test or run it.
The new environment is suitable to be used en the json tests, core
consensus and light client.
This commit implements EIP158 part 1, 2, 3 & 4
1. If an account is empty it's no longer written to the trie. An empty
account is defined as (balance=0, nonce=0, storage=0, code=0).
2. Delete an empty account if it's touched
3. An empty account is redefined as either non-existent or empty.
4. Zero value calls and zero value suicides no longer consume the 25k
reation costs.
params: moved core/config to params
Signed-off-by: Jeffrey Wilcke <jeffrey@ethereum.org>
This implements 1b & 1c of EIP150 by adding a new GasTable which must be
returned from the RuleSet config method. This table is used to determine
the gas prices for the current epoch.
Please note that when the CreateBySuicide gas price is set it is assumed
that we're in the new epoch phase.
In addition this PR will serve as temporary basis while refactorisation
in being done in the EVM64 PR, which will substentially overhaul the gas
price code.
This commit replaces the deep-copy based state revert mechanism with a
linear complexity journal. This commit also hides several internal
StateDB methods to limit the number of ways in which calling code can
use the journal incorrectly.
As usual consultation and bug fixes to the initial implementation were
provided by @karalabe, @obscuren and @Arachnid. Thank you!
This CL makes several refactors:
- Define a Tracer interface, implementing the `CaptureState` method
- Add the VM environment as the first argument of
`Tracer.CaptureState`
- Rename existing functionality `StructLogger` an make it an
implementation of `Tracer`
- Delete `StructLogCollector` and make `StructLogger` collect the logs
directly
- Change all callers to use the new `StructLogger` where necessary and
extract logs from that.
- Deletes the apparently obsolete and likely nonfunctional 'TraceCall'
from the eth API.
Callers that only wish accumulated logs can use the `StructLogger`
implementation straightforwardly. Callers that wish to efficiently
capture VM traces and operate on them without excessive copying can now
implement the `Tracer` interface to receive VM state at each step and
do with it as they wish.
This CL also removes the accumulation of logs from the vm.Environment;
this was necessary as part of the refactor, but also simplifies it by
removing a responsibility that doesn't directly belong to the
Environment.
This implements a generic approach to enabling soft forks by allowing
anyone to put in hashes of contracts that should not be interacted from.
This will help "The DAO" in their endevour to stop any whithdrawals from
any DAO contract by convincing the mining community to accept their code
hash.
Added chain configuration options and write out during genesis database
insertion. If no "config" was found, nothing is written to the database.
Configurations are written on a per genesis base. This means
that any chain (which is identified by it's genesis hash) can have their
own chain settings.
The EVM was previously initialised and created for every CALL, CALLCODE,
DELEGATECALL and CREATE. This PR changes this behaviour so that the same
EVM can be used through the session and beyond as long as the
Environment sticks around.
* change gas cost for contract creating txs
* invalidate signature with s value greater than secp256k1 N / 2
* OOG contract creation if not enough gas to store code
* new difficulty adjustment algorithm
* new DELEGATECALL op code
Implemented `runtime.Call` which uses - unlike Execute - the given state
for the execution and the address of the contract you wish to execute.
Unlike `Execute`, `Call` requires a config.
The runtime environment can be used for simple basic execution of
contract code without the requirement of setting up a full stack and
operates fully in memory.
