erigon-pulse/core/state_transition.go

// Copyright 2014 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

package core

import (
	"fmt"
	"math/bits"

	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/consensus"

	"github.com/holiman/uint256"

	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/common"
	cmath "github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/common/math"
	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/core/types"
	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/core/vm"
	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/crypto"
	"github.com/ledgerwatch/erigon/params"
)

var emptyCodeHash = crypto.Keccak256Hash(nil)

/*
The State Transitioning Model

A state transition is a change made when a transaction is applied to the current world state
The state transitioning model does all the necessary work to work out a valid new state root.

1) Nonce handling
2) Pre pay gas
3) Create a new state object if the recipient is \0*32
4) Value transfer
== If contract creation ==
  4a) Attempt to run transaction data
  4b) If valid, use result as code for the new state object
== end ==
5) Run Script section
6) Derive new state root
*/
type StateTransition struct {
	gp         *GasPool
	msg        Message
	gas        uint64
	gasPrice   *uint256.Int
	gasFeeCap  *uint256.Int
	tip        *uint256.Int
	initialGas uint64
	value      *uint256.Int
	data       []byte
	state      vm.IntraBlockState
	evm        vm.VMInterface

	//some pre-allocated intermediate variables
	sharedBuyGas        *uint256.Int
	sharedBuyGasBalance *uint256.Int

	isParlia bool
	isBor    bool
}

// Message represents a message sent to a contract.
type Message interface {
	From() common.Address
	To() *common.Address

	GasPrice() *uint256.Int
	FeeCap() *uint256.Int
	Tip() *uint256.Int
	Gas() uint64
	Value() *uint256.Int

	Nonce() uint64
	CheckNonce() bool
	Data() []byte
	AccessList() types.AccessList
}

// ExecutionResult includes all output after executing given evm
// message no matter the execution itself is successful or not.
type ExecutionResult struct {
	UsedGas    uint64 // Total used gas but include the refunded gas
	Err        error  // Any error encountered during the execution(listed in core/vm/errors.go)
	ReturnData []byte // Returned data from evm(function result or data supplied with revert opcode)
}

// Unwrap returns the internal evm error which allows us for further
// analysis outside.
func (result *ExecutionResult) Unwrap() error {
	return result.Err
}

// Failed returns the indicator whether the execution is successful or not
func (result *ExecutionResult) Failed() bool { return result.Err != nil }

// Return is a helper function to help caller distinguish between revert reason
// and function return. Return returns the data after execution if no error occurs.
func (result *ExecutionResult) Return() []byte {
	if result.Err != nil {
		return nil
	}
	return common.CopyBytes(result.ReturnData)
}

// Revert returns the concrete revert reason if the execution is aborted by `REVERT`
// opcode. Note the reason can be nil if no data supplied with revert opcode.
func (result *ExecutionResult) Revert() []byte {
	if result.Err != vm.ErrExecutionReverted {
		return nil
	}
	return common.CopyBytes(result.ReturnData)
}

// IntrinsicGas computes the 'intrinsic gas' for a message with the given data.
func IntrinsicGas(data []byte, accessList types.AccessList, isContractCreation bool, isHomestead, isEIP2028 bool) (uint64, error) {
	// Set the starting gas for the raw transaction
	var gas uint64
	if isContractCreation && isHomestead {
		gas = params.TxGasContractCreation
	} else {
		gas = params.TxGas
	}

	// Auxiliary variables for overflow protection
	var product, overflow uint64

	// Bump the required gas by the amount of transactional data
	if len(data) > 0 {
		// Zero and non-zero bytes are priced differently
		var nz uint64
		for _, byt := range data {
			if byt != 0 {
				nz++
			}
		}
		// Make sure we don't exceed uint64 for all data combinations
		nonZeroGas := params.TxDataNonZeroGasFrontier
		if isEIP2028 {
			nonZeroGas = params.TxDataNonZeroGasEIP2028
		}

		overflow, product = bits.Mul64(nz, nonZeroGas)
		if overflow != 0 {
			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
		}
		gas, overflow = bits.Add64(gas, product, 0)
		if overflow != 0 {
			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
		}

		z := uint64(len(data)) - nz
		overflow, product = bits.Mul64(z, params.TxDataZeroGas)
		if overflow != 0 {
			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
		}
		gas, overflow = bits.Add64(gas, product, 0)
		if overflow != 0 {
			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
		}
	}
	if accessList != nil {
		overflow, product = bits.Mul64(uint64(len(accessList)), params.TxAccessListAddressGas)
		if overflow != 0 {
			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
		}
		gas, overflow = bits.Add64(gas, product, 0)
		if overflow != 0 {
			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
		}

		overflow, product = bits.Mul64(uint64(accessList.StorageKeys()), params.TxAccessListStorageKeyGas)
		if overflow != 0 {
			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
		}
		gas, overflow = bits.Add64(gas, product, 0)
		if overflow != 0 {
			return 0, ErrGasUintOverflow
		}
	}
	return gas, nil
}

// NewStateTransition initialises and returns a new state transition object.
func NewStateTransition(evm vm.VMInterface, msg Message, gp *GasPool) *StateTransition {
	isParlia := evm.ChainConfig().Parlia != nil
	isBor := evm.ChainConfig().Bor != nil
	return &StateTransition{
		gp:        gp,
		evm:       evm,
		msg:       msg,
		gasPrice:  msg.GasPrice(),
		gasFeeCap: msg.FeeCap(),
		tip:       msg.Tip(),
		value:     msg.Value(),
		data:      msg.Data(),
		state:     evm.IntraBlockState(),

		sharedBuyGas:        uint256.NewInt(0),
		sharedBuyGasBalance: uint256.NewInt(0),

		isParlia: isParlia,
		isBor:    isBor,
	}
}

// ApplyMessage computes the new state by applying the given message
// against the old state within the environment.
//
// ApplyMessage returns the bytes returned by any EVM execution (if it took place),
// the gas used (which includes gas refunds) and an error if it failed. An error always
// indicates a core error meaning that the message would always fail for that particular
// state and would never be accepted within a block.
// `refunds` is false when it is not required to apply gas refunds
// `gasBailout` is true when it is not required to fail transaction if the balance is not enough to pay gas.
// for trace_call to replicate OE/Pariry behaviour
func ApplyMessage(evm vm.VMInterface, msg Message, gp *GasPool, refunds bool, gasBailout bool) (*ExecutionResult, error) {
	return NewStateTransition(evm, msg, gp).TransitionDb(refunds, gasBailout)
}

// to returns the recipient of the message.
func (st *StateTransition) to() common.Address {
	if st.msg == nil || st.msg.To() == nil /* contract creation */ {
		return common.Address{}
	}
	return *st.msg.To()
}

func (st *StateTransition) buyGas(gasBailout bool) error {
	mgval := st.sharedBuyGas
	mgval.SetUint64(st.msg.Gas())
	mgval, overflow := mgval.MulOverflow(mgval, st.gasPrice)
	if overflow {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v", ErrInsufficientFunds, st.msg.From().Hex())
	}
	balanceCheck := mgval
	if st.gasFeeCap != nil {
		balanceCheck = st.sharedBuyGasBalance.SetUint64(st.msg.Gas())
		balanceCheck, overflow = balanceCheck.MulOverflow(balanceCheck, st.gasFeeCap)
		if overflow {
			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v", ErrInsufficientFunds, st.msg.From().Hex())
		}
		balanceCheck, overflow = balanceCheck.AddOverflow(balanceCheck, st.value)
		if overflow {
			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v", ErrInsufficientFunds, st.msg.From().Hex())
		}
	}
	if have, want := st.state.GetBalance(st.msg.From()), balanceCheck; have.Cmp(want) < 0 {
		if !gasBailout {
			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v have %v want %v", ErrInsufficientFunds, st.msg.From().Hex(), have, want)
		}
	} else {
		st.state.SubBalance(st.msg.From(), mgval)
	}
	if err := st.gp.SubGas(st.msg.Gas()); err != nil {
		if !gasBailout {
			return err
		}
	}
	st.gas += st.msg.Gas()

	st.initialGas = st.msg.Gas()
	return nil
}

// DESCRIBED: docs/programmers_guide/guide.md#nonce
func (st *StateTransition) preCheck(gasBailout bool) error {
	// Make sure this transaction's nonce is correct.
	if st.msg.CheckNonce() {
		stNonce := st.state.GetNonce(st.msg.From())
		if msgNonce := st.msg.Nonce(); stNonce < msgNonce {
			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, tx: %d state: %d", ErrNonceTooHigh,
				st.msg.From().Hex(), msgNonce, stNonce)
		} else if stNonce > msgNonce {
			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, tx: %d state: %d", ErrNonceTooLow,
				st.msg.From().Hex(), msgNonce, stNonce)
		} else if stNonce+1 < stNonce {
			return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, nonce: %d", ErrNonceMax,
				st.msg.From().Hex(), stNonce)
		}
	}

	// Make sure the sender is an EOA (EIP-3607)
	if codeHash := st.state.GetCodeHash(st.msg.From()); codeHash != emptyCodeHash && codeHash != (common.Hash{}) {
		// common.Hash{} means that the sender is not in the state.
		// Historically there were transactions with 0 gas price and non-existing sender,
		// so we have to allow that.
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, codehash: %s", ErrSenderNoEOA,
			st.msg.From().Hex(), codeHash)
	}

	// Make sure the transaction gasFeeCap is greater than the block's baseFee.
	if st.evm.ChainRules().IsLondon {
		// Skip the checks if gas fields are zero and baseFee was explicitly disabled (eth_call)
		if !st.evm.Config().NoBaseFee || !st.gasFeeCap.IsZero() || !st.tip.IsZero() {
			if l := st.gasFeeCap.BitLen(); l > 256 {
				return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, gasFeeCap bit length: %d", ErrFeeCapVeryHigh,
					st.msg.From().Hex(), l)
			}
			if l := st.tip.BitLen(); l > 256 {
				return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, tip bit length: %d", ErrTipVeryHigh,
					st.msg.From().Hex(), l)
			}
			if st.gasFeeCap.Cmp(st.tip) < 0 {
				return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, tip: %s, gasFeeCap: %s", ErrTipAboveFeeCap,
					st.msg.From().Hex(), st.gasFeeCap, st.tip)
			}
			if st.gasFeeCap.Cmp(st.evm.Context().BaseFee) < 0 {
				return fmt.Errorf("%w: address %v, gasFeeCap: %d baseFee: %d", ErrFeeCapTooLow,
					st.msg.From().Hex(), st.gasFeeCap.Uint64(), st.evm.Context().BaseFee.Uint64())
			}
		}
	}
	return st.buyGas(gasBailout)
}

// TransitionDb will transition the state by applying the current message and
// returning the evm execution result with following fields.
//
// - used gas:
//      total gas used (including gas being refunded)
// - returndata:
//      the returned data from evm
// - concrete execution error:
//      various **EVM** error which aborts the execution,
//      e.g. ErrOutOfGas, ErrExecutionReverted
//
// However if any consensus issue encountered, return the error directly with
// nil evm execution result.
func (st *StateTransition) TransitionDb(refunds bool, gasBailout bool) (*ExecutionResult, error) {
	var input1 *uint256.Int
	var input2 *uint256.Int
	if st.isBor {
		input1 = st.state.GetBalance(st.msg.From()).Clone()
		input2 = st.state.GetBalance(st.evm.Context().Coinbase).Clone()
	}

	// First check this message satisfies all consensus rules before
	// applying the message. The rules include these clauses
	//
	// 1. the nonce of the message caller is correct
	// 2. caller has enough balance to cover transaction fee(gaslimit * gasprice)
	// 3. the amount of gas required is available in the block
	// 4. the purchased gas is enough to cover intrinsic usage
	// 5. there is no overflow when calculating intrinsic gas
	// 6. caller has enough balance to cover asset transfer for **topmost** call

	// BSC always gave gas bailout due to system transactions that set 2^256/2 gas limit and
	// for Parlia consensus this flag should be always be set
	if st.isParlia {
		gasBailout = true
	}

	// Check clauses 1-3 and 6, buy gas if everything is correct
	if err := st.preCheck(gasBailout); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	msg := st.msg
	sender := vm.AccountRef(msg.From())
	homestead := st.evm.ChainRules().IsHomestead
	istanbul := st.evm.ChainRules().IsIstanbul
	london := st.evm.ChainRules().IsLondon
	contractCreation := msg.To() == nil

	// Check clauses 4-5, subtract intrinsic gas if everything is correct
	gas, err := IntrinsicGas(st.data, st.msg.AccessList(), contractCreation, homestead, istanbul)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if st.gas < gas {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: have %d, want %d", ErrIntrinsicGas, st.gas, gas)
	}
	st.gas -= gas

	var bailout bool
	// Gas bailout (for trace_call) should only be applied if there is not sufficient balance to perform value transfer
	if gasBailout {
		if !msg.Value().IsZero() && !st.evm.Context().CanTransfer(st.state, msg.From(), msg.Value()) {
			bailout = true
		}
	}

	// Set up the initial access list.
	if st.evm.ChainRules().IsBerlin {
		st.state.PrepareAccessList(msg.From(), msg.To(), vm.ActivePrecompiles(st.evm.ChainRules()), msg.AccessList())
	}

	var (
		ret   []byte
		vmerr error // vm errors do not effect consensus and are therefore not assigned to err
	)
	if contractCreation {
		// The reason why we don't increment nonce here is that we need the original
		// nonce to calculate the address of the contract that is being created
		// It does get incremented inside the `Create` call, after the computation
		// of the contract's address, but before the execution of the code.
		ret, _, st.gas, vmerr = st.evm.Create(sender, st.data, st.gas, st.value)
	} else {
		// Increment the nonce for the next transaction
		st.state.SetNonce(msg.From(), st.state.GetNonce(sender.Address())+1)
		ret, st.gas, vmerr = st.evm.Call(sender, st.to(), st.data, st.gas, st.value, bailout)
	}
	if refunds {
		if london {
			// After EIP-3529: refunds are capped to gasUsed / 5
			st.refundGas(params.RefundQuotientEIP3529)
		} else {
			// Before EIP-3529: refunds were capped to gasUsed / 2
			st.refundGas(params.RefundQuotient)
		}
	}
	effectiveTip := st.gasPrice
	if london {
		effectiveTip = cmath.Min256(st.tip, new(uint256.Int).Sub(st.gasFeeCap, st.evm.Context().BaseFee))
	}
	amount := new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed())
	amount.Mul(amount, effectiveTip) // gasUsed * effectiveTip = how much goes to the block producer (miner, validator)
	if st.isParlia {
		st.state.AddBalance(consensus.SystemAddress, amount)
	} else if london && st.isBor {
		burntContractAddress := common.HexToAddress(st.evm.ChainConfig().Bor.CalculateBurntContract(st.evm.Context().BlockNumber))
		burnAmount := new(uint256.Int).Mul(new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(st.gasUsed()), st.evm.Context().BaseFee)
		st.state.AddBalance(burntContractAddress, burnAmount)
		// Deprecating transfer log and will be removed in future fork. PLEASE DO NOT USE this transfer log going forward. Parameters won't get updated as expected going forward with EIP1559
		// add transfer log
		output1 := input1.Clone()
		output2 := input2.Clone()
		AddFeeTransferLog(
			st.state,

			msg.From(),
			st.evm.Context().Coinbase,

			amount,
			input1,
			input2,
			output1.Sub(output1, amount),
			output2.Add(output2, amount),
		)
	} else {
		st.state.AddBalance(st.evm.Context().Coinbase, amount)
	}

	return &ExecutionResult{
		UsedGas:    st.gasUsed(),
		Err:        vmerr,
		ReturnData: ret,
	}, nil
}

func (st *StateTransition) refundGas(refundQuotient uint64) {
	// Apply refund counter, capped to half of the used gas.
	refund := st.gasUsed() / refundQuotient
	if refund > st.state.GetRefund() {
		refund = st.state.GetRefund()
	}
	st.gas += refund

	// Return ETH for remaining gas, exchanged at the original rate.
	remaining := new(uint256.Int).Mul(new(uint256.Int).SetUint64(st.gas), st.gasPrice)
	st.state.AddBalance(st.msg.From(), remaining)

	// Also return remaining gas to the block gas counter so it is
	// available for the next transaction.
	st.gp.AddGas(st.gas)
}

// gasUsed returns the amount of gas used up by the state transition.
func (st *StateTransition) gasUsed() uint64 {
	return st.initialGas - st.gas
}