From fe91d476ba3e29316b6dc99b6efd4a571481d888 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2024 21:49:53 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] all: remove the dependency from trie to triedb (#28824)

This change removes the dependency from trie package to triedb package.
---
 cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go         |   3 +-
 cmd/evm/runner.go                             |   6 +-
 cmd/utils/flags.go                            |  14 +-
 core/blockchain.go                            |  14 +-
 core/blockchain_reader.go                     |   4 +-
 core/blockchain_sethead_test.go               |  10 +-
 core/chain_makers.go                          |   8 +-
 core/chain_makers_test.go                     |   6 +-
 core/genesis.go                               |  17 +-
 core/genesis_test.go                          |  34 +--
 core/headerchain_test.go                      |   4 +-
 core/state/database.go                        |  13 +-
 core/state/pruner/pruner.go                   |   9 +-
 core/state/snapshot/disklayer.go              |   4 +-
 core/state/snapshot/generate.go               |   5 +-
 core/state/snapshot/generate_test.go          |  11 +-
 core/state/snapshot/journal.go                |   4 +-
 core/state/snapshot/snapshot.go               |   6 +-
 core/state/state_test.go                      |   6 +-
 core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go               |  11 +-
 core/state/statedb_test.go                    |  29 +--
 core/state/sync_test.go                       |  19 +-
 core/types/hashing_test.go                    |   9 +-
 eth/api_debug_test.go                         |   6 +-
 eth/downloader/downloader.go                  |   4 +-
 eth/downloader/testchain_test.go              |   4 +-
 eth/fetcher/block_fetcher_test.go             |   3 +-
 eth/filters/filter_test.go                    |   6 +-
 eth/handler.go                                |   2 +-
 eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go               |  25 +--
 eth/state_accessor.go                         |  19 +-
 miner/miner_test.go                           |   3 +-
 tests/block_test_util.go                      |  10 +-
 tests/fuzzers/rangeproof/rangeproof-fuzzer.go |   3 +-
 tests/state_test_util.go                      |  14 +-
 trie/committer.go                             |   6 +-
 trie/database_test.go                         | 144 +++++++++++--
 trie/iterator_test.go                         |  41 ++--
 trie/proof_test.go                            |  18 +-
 trie/secure_trie.go                           |  26 +--
 trie/secure_trie_test.go                      |   8 +-
 trie/stacktrie_fuzzer_test.go                 |   8 +-
 trie/stacktrie_test.go                        |  10 +-
 trie/sync_test.go                             |  44 ++--
 trie/tracer_test.go                           |  31 +--
 trie/trie.go                                  |   5 +-
 trie/trie_reader.go                           |  33 ++-
 trie/trie_test.go                             | 200 +++++++++---------
 trie/verkle.go                                |   6 +-
 trie/verkle_test.go                           |   8 +-
 {trie => triedb}/database.go                  |  39 +++-
 triedb/database/database.go                   |  48 +++++
 {trie/triedb => triedb}/hashdb/database.go    |   0
 {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/database.go    |   0
 .../triedb => triedb}/pathdb/database_test.go |   0
 {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/difflayer.go   |   0
 .../pathdb/difflayer_test.go                  |   0
 {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/disklayer.go   |   0
 {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/errors.go      |   0
 {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/history.go     |   0
 .../triedb => triedb}/pathdb/history_test.go  |   0
 {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/journal.go     |   0
 {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/layertree.go   |   0
 {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/metrics.go     |   0
 {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/nodebuffer.go  |   0
 {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/testutils.go   |   0
 {trie => triedb}/preimages.go                 |   2 +-
 67 files changed, 597 insertions(+), 425 deletions(-)
 rename {trie => triedb}/database.go (91%)
 create mode 100644 triedb/database/database.go
 rename {trie/triedb => triedb}/hashdb/database.go (100%)
 rename {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/database.go (100%)
 rename {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/database_test.go (100%)
 rename {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/difflayer.go (100%)
 rename {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/difflayer_test.go (100%)
 rename {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/disklayer.go (100%)
 rename {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/errors.go (100%)
 rename {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/history.go (100%)
 rename {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/history_test.go (100%)
 rename {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/journal.go (100%)
 rename {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/layertree.go (100%)
 rename {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/metrics.go (100%)
 rename {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/nodebuffer.go (100%)
 rename {trie/triedb => triedb}/pathdb/testutils.go (100%)
 rename {trie => triedb}/preimages.go (99%)

diff --git a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
index 1ae093b61..9f17ad485 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/internal/t8ntool/execution.go
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
 )
@@ -355,7 +356,7 @@ func (pre *Prestate) Apply(vmConfig vm.Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig,
 }
 
 func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts core.GenesisAlloc) *state.StateDB {
-	sdb := state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &trie.Config{Preimages: true})
+	sdb := state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
 	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb, nil)
 	for addr, a := range accounts {
 		statedb.SetCode(addr, a.Code)
diff --git a/cmd/evm/runner.go b/cmd/evm/runner.go
index f3ffb3ed9..b8e8b542b 100644
--- a/cmd/evm/runner.go
+++ b/cmd/evm/runner.go
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/tracers/logger"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/internal/flags"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/hashdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/hashdb"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
 )
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ func runCmd(ctx *cli.Context) error {
 	}
 
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	triedb := trie.NewDatabase(db, &trie.Config{
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{
 		Preimages: preimages,
 		HashDB:    hashdb.Defaults,
 	})
diff --git a/cmd/utils/flags.go b/cmd/utils/flags.go
index 159c47ca0..b813e5297 100644
--- a/cmd/utils/flags.go
+++ b/cmd/utils/flags.go
@@ -69,9 +69,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/netutil"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/hashdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/hashdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 	pcsclite "github.com/gballet/go-libpcsclite"
 	gopsutil "github.com/shirou/gopsutil/mem"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli/v2"
@@ -2146,8 +2146,8 @@ func MakeConsolePreloads(ctx *cli.Context) []string {
 }
 
 // MakeTrieDatabase constructs a trie database based on the configured scheme.
-func MakeTrieDatabase(ctx *cli.Context, disk ethdb.Database, preimage bool, readOnly bool, isVerkle bool) *trie.Database {
-	config := &trie.Config{
+func MakeTrieDatabase(ctx *cli.Context, disk ethdb.Database, preimage bool, readOnly bool, isVerkle bool) *triedb.Database {
+	config := &triedb.Config{
 		Preimages: preimage,
 		IsVerkle:  isVerkle,
 	}
@@ -2160,12 +2160,12 @@ func MakeTrieDatabase(ctx *cli.Context, disk ethdb.Database, preimage bool, read
 		// ignore the parameter silently. TODO(rjl493456442)
 		// please config it if read mode is implemented.
 		config.HashDB = hashdb.Defaults
-		return trie.NewDatabase(disk, config)
+		return triedb.NewDatabase(disk, config)
 	}
 	if readOnly {
 		config.PathDB = pathdb.ReadOnly
 	} else {
 		config.PathDB = pathdb.Defaults
 	}
-	return trie.NewDatabase(disk, config)
+	return triedb.NewDatabase(disk, config)
 }
diff --git a/core/blockchain.go b/core/blockchain.go
index 15a3bf5d0..297a05240 100644
--- a/core/blockchain.go
+++ b/core/blockchain.go
@@ -47,9 +47,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/hashdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/hashdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
 )
 
@@ -149,8 +149,8 @@ type CacheConfig struct {
 }
 
 // triedbConfig derives the configures for trie database.
-func (c *CacheConfig) triedbConfig() *trie.Config {
-	config := &trie.Config{Preimages: c.Preimages}
+func (c *CacheConfig) triedbConfig() *triedb.Config {
+	config := &triedb.Config{Preimages: c.Preimages}
 	if c.StateScheme == rawdb.HashScheme {
 		config.HashDB = &hashdb.Config{
 			CleanCacheSize: c.TrieCleanLimit * 1024 * 1024,
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ type BlockChain struct {
 	gcproc        time.Duration                    // Accumulates canonical block processing for trie dumping
 	lastWrite     uint64                           // Last block when the state was flushed
 	flushInterval atomic.Int64                     // Time interval (processing time) after which to flush a state
-	triedb        *trie.Database                   // The database handler for maintaining trie nodes.
+	triedb        *triedb.Database                 // The database handler for maintaining trie nodes.
 	stateCache    state.Database                   // State database to reuse between imports (contains state cache)
 	txIndexer     *txIndexer                       // Transaction indexer, might be nil if not enabled
 
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ func NewBlockChain(db ethdb.Database, cacheConfig *CacheConfig, genesis *Genesis
 		cacheConfig = defaultCacheConfig
 	}
 	// Open trie database with provided config
-	triedb := trie.NewDatabase(db, cacheConfig.triedbConfig())
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, cacheConfig.triedbConfig())
 
 	// Setup the genesis block, commit the provided genesis specification
 	// to database if the genesis block is not present yet, or load the
diff --git a/core/blockchain_reader.go b/core/blockchain_reader.go
index 706844171..9e8e3bd41 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_reader.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_reader.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 // CurrentHeader retrieves the current head header of the canonical chain. The
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ func (bc *BlockChain) TxIndexProgress() (TxIndexProgress, error) {
 }
 
 // TrieDB retrieves the low level trie database used for data storage.
-func (bc *BlockChain) TrieDB() *trie.Database {
+func (bc *BlockChain) TrieDB() *triedb.Database {
 	return bc.triedb
 }
 
diff --git a/core/blockchain_sethead_test.go b/core/blockchain_sethead_test.go
index fa739f924..1504c74e0 100644
--- a/core/blockchain_sethead_test.go
+++ b/core/blockchain_sethead_test.go
@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/hashdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/hashdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 )
 
 // rewindTest is a test case for chain rollback upon user request.
@@ -2033,13 +2033,13 @@ func testSetHeadWithScheme(t *testing.T, tt *rewindTest, snapshots bool, scheme
 	}
 	// Reopen the trie database without persisting in-memory dirty nodes.
 	chain.triedb.Close()
-	dbconfig := &trie.Config{}
+	dbconfig := &triedb.Config{}
 	if scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
 		dbconfig.PathDB = pathdb.Defaults
 	} else {
 		dbconfig.HashDB = hashdb.Defaults
 	}
-	chain.triedb = trie.NewDatabase(chain.db, dbconfig)
+	chain.triedb = triedb.NewDatabase(chain.db, dbconfig)
 	chain.stateCache = state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(chain.db, chain.triedb)
 
 	// Force run a freeze cycle
diff --git a/core/chain_makers.go b/core/chain_makers.go
index 5b979dfc4..733030fd1 100644
--- a/core/chain_makers.go
+++ b/core/chain_makers.go
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ func GenerateChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine conse
 	}
 	cm := newChainMaker(parent, config, engine)
 
-	genblock := func(i int, parent *types.Block, triedb *trie.Database, statedb *state.StateDB) (*types.Block, types.Receipts) {
+	genblock := func(i int, parent *types.Block, triedb *triedb.Database, statedb *state.StateDB) (*types.Block, types.Receipts) {
 		b := &BlockGen{i: i, cm: cm, parent: parent, statedb: statedb, engine: engine}
 		b.header = cm.makeHeader(parent, statedb, b.engine)
 
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ func GenerateChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine conse
 	}
 
 	// Forcibly use hash-based state scheme for retaining all nodes in disk.
-	triedb := trie.NewDatabase(db, trie.HashDefaults)
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedb.HashDefaults)
 	defer triedb.Close()
 
 	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ func GenerateChain(config *params.ChainConfig, parent *types.Block, engine conse
 // then generate chain on top.
 func GenerateChainWithGenesis(genesis *Genesis, engine consensus.Engine, n int, gen func(int, *BlockGen)) (ethdb.Database, []*types.Block, []types.Receipts) {
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	triedb := trie.NewDatabase(db, trie.HashDefaults)
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedb.HashDefaults)
 	defer triedb.Close()
 	_, err := genesis.Commit(db, triedb)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/core/chain_makers_test.go b/core/chain_makers_test.go
index 84148841f..e8749a329 100644
--- a/core/chain_makers_test.go
+++ b/core/chain_makers_test.go
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 func TestGeneratePOSChain(t *testing.T) {
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func TestGeneratePOSChain(t *testing.T) {
 		Storage: storage,
 		Code:    common.Hex2Bytes("600154600354"),
 	}
-	genesis := gspec.MustCommit(gendb, trie.NewDatabase(gendb, trie.HashDefaults))
+	genesis := gspec.MustCommit(gendb, triedb.NewDatabase(gendb, triedb.HashDefaults))
 
 	genchain, genreceipts := GenerateChain(gspec.Config, genesis, beacon.NewFaker(), gendb, 4, func(i int, gen *BlockGen) {
 		gen.SetParentBeaconRoot(common.Hash{byte(i + 1)})
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ func ExampleGenerateChain() {
 		Config: &params.ChainConfig{HomesteadBlock: new(big.Int)},
 		Alloc:  GenesisAlloc{addr1: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000)}},
 	}
-	genesis := gspec.MustCommit(genDb, trie.NewDatabase(genDb, trie.HashDefaults))
+	genesis := gspec.MustCommit(genDb, triedb.NewDatabase(genDb, triedb.HashDefaults))
 
 	// This call generates a chain of 5 blocks. The function runs for
 	// each block and adds different features to gen based on the
diff --git a/core/genesis.go b/core/genesis.go
index 7a7bd194a..bf8db321e 100644
--- a/core/genesis.go
+++ b/core/genesis.go
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -127,9 +128,9 @@ func (ga *GenesisAlloc) hash(isVerkle bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 	// If a genesis-time verkle trie is requested, create a trie config
 	// with the verkle trie enabled so that the tree can be initialized
 	// as such.
-	var config *trie.Config
+	var config *triedb.Config
 	if isVerkle {
-		config = &trie.Config{
+		config = &triedb.Config{
 			PathDB:   pathdb.Defaults,
 			IsVerkle: true,
 		}
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ func (ga *GenesisAlloc) hash(isVerkle bool) (common.Hash, error) {
 // flush is very similar with hash, but the main difference is all the generated
 // states will be persisted into the given database. Also, the genesis state
 // specification will be flushed as well.
-func (ga *GenesisAlloc) flush(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database, blockhash common.Hash) error {
+func (ga *GenesisAlloc) flush(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database, blockhash common.Hash) error {
 	statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb), nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -272,11 +273,11 @@ type ChainOverrides struct {
 // error is a *params.ConfigCompatError and the new, unwritten config is returned.
 //
 // The returned chain configuration is never nil.
-func SetupGenesisBlock(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database, genesis *Genesis) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
+func SetupGenesisBlock(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database, genesis *Genesis) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
 	return SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db, triedb, genesis, nil)
 }
 
-func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database, genesis *Genesis, overrides *ChainOverrides) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
+func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database, genesis *Genesis, overrides *ChainOverrides) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
 	if genesis != nil && genesis.Config == nil {
 		return params.AllEthashProtocolChanges, common.Hash{}, errGenesisNoConfig
 	}
@@ -491,7 +492,7 @@ func (g *Genesis) ToBlock() *types.Block {
 
 // Commit writes the block and state of a genesis specification to the database.
 // The block is committed as the canonical head block.
-func (g *Genesis) Commit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database) (*types.Block, error) {
+func (g *Genesis) Commit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) (*types.Block, error) {
 	block := g.ToBlock()
 	if block.Number().Sign() != 0 {
 		return nil, errors.New("can't commit genesis block with number > 0")
@@ -525,7 +526,7 @@ func (g *Genesis) Commit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database) (*types.Block
 
 // MustCommit writes the genesis block and state to db, panicking on error.
 // The block is committed as the canonical head block.
-func (g *Genesis) MustCommit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database) *types.Block {
+func (g *Genesis) MustCommit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) *types.Block {
 	block, err := g.Commit(db, triedb)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
diff --git a/core/genesis_test.go b/core/genesis_test.go
index 1d85b510c..5fbe6f927 100644
--- a/core/genesis_test.go
+++ b/core/genesis_test.go
@@ -30,15 +30,15 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 )
 
 func TestInvalidCliqueConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	block := DefaultGoerliGenesisBlock()
 	block.ExtraData = []byte{}
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	if _, err := block.Commit(db, trie.NewDatabase(db, nil)); err == nil {
+	if _, err := block.Commit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil)); err == nil {
 		t.Fatal("Expected error on invalid clique config")
 	}
 }
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func testSetupGenesis(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		{
 			name: "genesis without ChainConfig",
 			fn: func(db ethdb.Database) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
-				return SetupGenesisBlock(db, trie.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme)), new(Genesis))
+				return SetupGenesisBlock(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme)), new(Genesis))
 			},
 			wantErr:    errGenesisNoConfig,
 			wantConfig: params.AllEthashProtocolChanges,
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func testSetupGenesis(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		{
 			name: "no block in DB, genesis == nil",
 			fn: func(db ethdb.Database) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
-				return SetupGenesisBlock(db, trie.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme)), nil)
+				return SetupGenesisBlock(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme)), nil)
 			},
 			wantHash:   params.MainnetGenesisHash,
 			wantConfig: params.MainnetChainConfig,
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ func testSetupGenesis(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		{
 			name: "mainnet block in DB, genesis == nil",
 			fn: func(db ethdb.Database) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
-				DefaultGenesisBlock().MustCommit(db, trie.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme)))
-				return SetupGenesisBlock(db, trie.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme)), nil)
+				DefaultGenesisBlock().MustCommit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme)))
+				return SetupGenesisBlock(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme)), nil)
 			},
 			wantHash:   params.MainnetGenesisHash,
 			wantConfig: params.MainnetChainConfig,
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ func testSetupGenesis(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		{
 			name: "custom block in DB, genesis == nil",
 			fn: func(db ethdb.Database) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
-				tdb := trie.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme))
+				tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme))
 				customg.Commit(db, tdb)
 				return SetupGenesisBlock(db, tdb, nil)
 			},
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ func testSetupGenesis(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		{
 			name: "custom block in DB, genesis == goerli",
 			fn: func(db ethdb.Database) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
-				tdb := trie.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme))
+				tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme))
 				customg.Commit(db, tdb)
 				return SetupGenesisBlock(db, tdb, DefaultGoerliGenesisBlock())
 			},
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func testSetupGenesis(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		{
 			name: "compatible config in DB",
 			fn: func(db ethdb.Database) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
-				tdb := trie.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme))
+				tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme))
 				oldcustomg.Commit(db, tdb)
 				return SetupGenesisBlock(db, tdb, &customg)
 			},
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func testSetupGenesis(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 			fn: func(db ethdb.Database) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) {
 				// Commit the 'old' genesis block with Homestead transition at #2.
 				// Advance to block #4, past the homestead transition block of customg.
-				tdb := trie.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme))
+				tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, newDbConfig(scheme))
 				oldcustomg.Commit(db, tdb)
 
 				bc, _ := NewBlockChain(db, DefaultCacheConfigWithScheme(scheme), &oldcustomg, nil, ethash.NewFullFaker(), vm.Config{}, nil, nil)
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ func TestGenesisHashes(t *testing.T) {
 	} {
 		// Test via MustCommit
 		db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		if have := c.genesis.MustCommit(db, trie.NewDatabase(db, trie.HashDefaults)).Hash(); have != c.want {
+		if have := c.genesis.MustCommit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedb.HashDefaults)).Hash(); have != c.want {
 			t.Errorf("case: %d a), want: %s, got: %s", i, c.want.Hex(), have.Hex())
 		}
 		// Test via ToBlock
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ func TestGenesis_Commit(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	genesisBlock := genesis.MustCommit(db, trie.NewDatabase(db, trie.HashDefaults))
+	genesisBlock := genesis.MustCommit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedb.HashDefaults))
 
 	if genesis.Difficulty != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("assumption wrong")
@@ -256,11 +256,11 @@ func TestReadWriteGenesisAlloc(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func newDbConfig(scheme string) *trie.Config {
+func newDbConfig(scheme string) *triedb.Config {
 	if scheme == rawdb.HashScheme {
-		return trie.HashDefaults
+		return triedb.HashDefaults
 	}
-	return &trie.Config{PathDB: pathdb.Defaults}
+	return &triedb.Config{PathDB: pathdb.Defaults}
 }
 
 func TestVerkleGenesisCommit(t *testing.T) {
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ func TestVerkleGenesisCommit(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	triedb := trie.NewDatabase(db, &trie.Config{IsVerkle: true, PathDB: pathdb.Defaults})
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, &triedb.Config{IsVerkle: true, PathDB: pathdb.Defaults})
 	block := genesis.MustCommit(db, triedb)
 	if !bytes.Equal(block.Root().Bytes(), expected) {
 		t.Fatalf("invalid genesis state root, expected %x, got %x", expected, got)
diff --git a/core/headerchain_test.go b/core/headerchain_test.go
index 2c0323e6f..25d9bfffc 100644
--- a/core/headerchain_test.go
+++ b/core/headerchain_test.go
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 func verifyUnbrokenCanonchain(hc *HeaderChain) error {
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func TestHeaderInsertion(t *testing.T) {
 		db    = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 		gspec = &Genesis{BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee), Config: params.AllEthashProtocolChanges}
 	)
-	gspec.Commit(db, trie.NewDatabase(db, nil))
+	gspec.Commit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil))
 	hc, err := NewHeaderChain(db, gspec.Config, ethash.NewFaker(), func() bool { return false })
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
diff --git a/core/state/database.go b/core/state/database.go
index b55f870d9..7520923ee 100644
--- a/core/state/database.go
+++ b/core/state/database.go
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ type Database interface {
 	DiskDB() ethdb.KeyValueStore
 
 	// TrieDB returns the underlying trie database for managing trie nodes.
-	TrieDB() *trie.Database
+	TrieDB() *triedb.Database
 }
 
 // Trie is a Ethereum Merkle Patricia trie.
@@ -150,17 +151,17 @@ func NewDatabase(db ethdb.Database) Database {
 // NewDatabaseWithConfig creates a backing store for state. The returned database
 // is safe for concurrent use and retains a lot of collapsed RLP trie nodes in a
 // large memory cache.
-func NewDatabaseWithConfig(db ethdb.Database, config *trie.Config) Database {
+func NewDatabaseWithConfig(db ethdb.Database, config *triedb.Config) Database {
 	return &cachingDB{
 		disk:          db,
 		codeSizeCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, int](codeSizeCacheSize),
 		codeCache:     lru.NewSizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte](codeCacheSize),
-		triedb:        trie.NewDatabase(db, config),
+		triedb:        triedb.NewDatabase(db, config),
 	}
 }
 
 // NewDatabaseWithNodeDB creates a state database with an already initialized node database.
-func NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db ethdb.Database, triedb *trie.Database) Database {
+func NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) Database {
 	return &cachingDB{
 		disk:          db,
 		codeSizeCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, int](codeSizeCacheSize),
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ type cachingDB struct {
 	disk          ethdb.KeyValueStore
 	codeSizeCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, int]
 	codeCache     *lru.SizeConstrainedCache[common.Hash, []byte]
-	triedb        *trie.Database
+	triedb        *triedb.Database
 }
 
 // OpenTrie opens the main account trie at a specific root hash.
@@ -260,6 +261,6 @@ func (db *cachingDB) DiskDB() ethdb.KeyValueStore {
 }
 
 // TrieDB retrieves any intermediate trie-node caching layer.
-func (db *cachingDB) TrieDB() *trie.Database {
+func (db *cachingDB) TrieDB() *triedb.Database {
 	return db.triedb
 }
diff --git a/core/state/pruner/pruner.go b/core/state/pruner/pruner.go
index b7398f213..59c580dac 100644
--- a/core/state/pruner/pruner.go
+++ b/core/state/pruner/pruner.go
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ func NewPruner(db ethdb.Database, config Config) (*Pruner, error) {
 		return nil, errors.New("failed to load head block")
 	}
 	// Offline pruning is only supported in legacy hash based scheme.
-	triedb := trie.NewDatabase(db, trie.HashDefaults)
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedb.HashDefaults)
 
 	snapconfig := snapshot.Config{
 		CacheSize:  256,
@@ -366,7 +367,7 @@ func RecoverPruning(datadir string, db ethdb.Database) error {
 		AsyncBuild: false,
 	}
 	// Offline pruning is only supported in legacy hash based scheme.
-	triedb := trie.NewDatabase(db, trie.HashDefaults)
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedb.HashDefaults)
 	snaptree, err := snapshot.New(snapconfig, db, triedb, headBlock.Root())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err // The relevant snapshot(s) might not exist
@@ -409,7 +410,7 @@ func extractGenesis(db ethdb.Database, stateBloom *stateBloom) error {
 	if genesis == nil {
 		return errors.New("missing genesis block")
 	}
-	t, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(genesis.Root()), trie.NewDatabase(db, trie.HashDefaults))
+	t, err := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(genesis.Root()), triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedb.HashDefaults))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -433,7 +434,7 @@ func extractGenesis(db ethdb.Database, stateBloom *stateBloom) error {
 			}
 			if acc.Root != types.EmptyRootHash {
 				id := trie.StorageTrieID(genesis.Root(), common.BytesToHash(accIter.LeafKey()), acc.Root)
-				storageTrie, err := trie.NewStateTrie(id, trie.NewDatabase(db, trie.HashDefaults))
+				storageTrie, err := trie.NewStateTrie(id, triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedb.HashDefaults))
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/disklayer.go b/core/state/snapshot/disklayer.go
index d563b67ca..f5518a204 100644
--- a/core/state/snapshot/disklayer.go
+++ b/core/state/snapshot/disklayer.go
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 // diskLayer is a low level persistent snapshot built on top of a key-value store.
 type diskLayer struct {
 	diskdb ethdb.KeyValueStore // Key-value store containing the base snapshot
-	triedb *trie.Database      // Trie node cache for reconstruction purposes
+	triedb *triedb.Database    // Trie node cache for reconstruction purposes
 	cache  *fastcache.Cache    // Cache to avoid hitting the disk for direct access
 
 	root  common.Hash // Root hash of the base snapshot
diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/generate.go b/core/state/snapshot/generate.go
index f455a6db3..8de4b134d 100644
--- a/core/state/snapshot/generate.go
+++ b/core/state/snapshot/generate.go
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ var (
 // generateSnapshot regenerates a brand new snapshot based on an existing state
 // database and head block asynchronously. The snapshot is returned immediately
 // and generation is continued in the background until done.
-func generateSnapshot(diskdb ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *trie.Database, cache int, root common.Hash) *diskLayer {
+func generateSnapshot(diskdb ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *triedb.Database, cache int, root common.Hash) *diskLayer {
 	// Create a new disk layer with an initialized state marker at zero
 	var (
 		stats     = &generatorStats{start: time.Now()}
@@ -353,7 +354,7 @@ func (dl *diskLayer) generateRange(ctx *generatorContext, trieId *trie.ID, prefi
 	var resolver trie.NodeResolver
 	if len(result.keys) > 0 {
 		mdb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		tdb := trie.NewDatabase(mdb, trie.HashDefaults)
+		tdb := triedb.NewDatabase(mdb, triedb.HashDefaults)
 		defer tdb.Close()
 		snapTrie := trie.NewEmpty(tdb)
 		for i, key := range result.keys {
diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/generate_test.go b/core/state/snapshot/generate_test.go
index 7d941f628..da93ebc87 100644
--- a/core/state/snapshot/generate_test.go
+++ b/core/state/snapshot/generate_test.go
@@ -29,9 +29,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/hashdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/hashdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
 )
@@ -155,20 +156,20 @@ func checkSnapRoot(t *testing.T, snap *diskLayer, trieRoot common.Hash) {
 
 type testHelper struct {
 	diskdb  ethdb.Database
-	triedb  *trie.Database
+	triedb  *triedb.Database
 	accTrie *trie.StateTrie
 	nodes   *trienode.MergedNodeSet
 }
 
 func newHelper(scheme string) *testHelper {
 	diskdb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	config := &trie.Config{}
+	config := &triedb.Config{}
 	if scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
 		config.PathDB = &pathdb.Config{} // disable caching
 	} else {
 		config.HashDB = &hashdb.Config{} // disable caching
 	}
-	triedb := trie.NewDatabase(diskdb, config)
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(diskdb, config)
 	accTrie, _ := trie.NewStateTrie(trie.StateTrieID(types.EmptyRootHash), triedb)
 	return &testHelper{
 		diskdb:  diskdb,
diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/journal.go b/core/state/snapshot/journal.go
index 4d070208f..8513e73dd 100644
--- a/core/state/snapshot/journal.go
+++ b/core/state/snapshot/journal.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 const journalVersion uint64 = 0
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ func loadAndParseJournal(db ethdb.KeyValueStore, base *diskLayer) (snapshot, jou
 }
 
 // loadSnapshot loads a pre-existing state snapshot backed by a key-value store.
-func loadSnapshot(diskdb ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *trie.Database, root common.Hash, cache int, recovery bool, noBuild bool) (snapshot, bool, error) {
+func loadSnapshot(diskdb ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *triedb.Database, root common.Hash, cache int, recovery bool, noBuild bool) (snapshot, bool, error) {
 	// If snapshotting is disabled (initial sync in progress), don't do anything,
 	// wait for the chain to permit us to do something meaningful
 	if rawdb.ReadSnapshotDisabled(diskdb) {
diff --git a/core/state/snapshot/snapshot.go b/core/state/snapshot/snapshot.go
index 638984238..58aa375db 100644
--- a/core/state/snapshot/snapshot.go
+++ b/core/state/snapshot/snapshot.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ type Config struct {
 type Tree struct {
 	config Config                   // Snapshots configurations
 	diskdb ethdb.KeyValueStore      // Persistent database to store the snapshot
-	triedb *trie.Database           // In-memory cache to access the trie through
+	triedb *triedb.Database         // In-memory cache to access the trie through
 	layers map[common.Hash]snapshot // Collection of all known layers
 	lock   sync.RWMutex
 
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ type Tree struct {
 //     state trie.
 //   - otherwise, the entire snapshot is considered invalid and will be recreated on
 //     a background thread.
-func New(config Config, diskdb ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *trie.Database, root common.Hash) (*Tree, error) {
+func New(config Config, diskdb ethdb.KeyValueStore, triedb *triedb.Database, root common.Hash) (*Tree, error) {
 	// Create a new, empty snapshot tree
 	snap := &Tree{
 		config: config,
diff --git a/core/state/state_test.go b/core/state/state_test.go
index df7ebd245..9be610f96 100644
--- a/core/state/state_test.go
+++ b/core/state/state_test.go
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func newStateEnv() *stateEnv {
 
 func TestDump(t *testing.T) {
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	tdb := NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &trie.Config{Preimages: true})
+	tdb := NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
 	sdb, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, tdb, nil)
 	s := &stateEnv{db: db, state: sdb}
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func TestDump(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestIterativeDump(t *testing.T) {
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	tdb := NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &trie.Config{Preimages: true})
+	tdb := NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
 	sdb, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, tdb, nil)
 	s := &stateEnv{db: db, state: sdb}
 
diff --git a/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go b/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go
index 620dee16d..b416bcf1f 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_fuzz_test.go
@@ -35,8 +35,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triestate"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ func (test *stateTest) run() bool {
 			storageList = append(storageList, copy2DSet(states.Storages))
 		}
 		disk      = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		tdb       = trie.NewDatabase(disk, &trie.Config{PathDB: pathdb.Defaults})
+		tdb       = triedb.NewDatabase(disk, &triedb.Config{PathDB: pathdb.Defaults})
 		sdb       = NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(disk, tdb)
 		byzantium = rand.Intn(2) == 0
 	)
@@ -252,7 +253,7 @@ func (test *stateTest) run() bool {
 // - the account was indeed not present in trie
 // - the account is present in new trie, nil->nil is regarded as invalid
 // - the slots transition is correct
-func (test *stateTest) verifyAccountCreation(next common.Hash, db *trie.Database, otr, ntr *trie.Trie, addr common.Address, slots map[common.Hash][]byte) error {
+func (test *stateTest) verifyAccountCreation(next common.Hash, db *triedb.Database, otr, ntr *trie.Trie, addr common.Address, slots map[common.Hash][]byte) error {
 	// Verify account change
 	addrHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(addr.Bytes())
 	oBlob, err := otr.Get(addrHash.Bytes())
@@ -303,7 +304,7 @@ func (test *stateTest) verifyAccountCreation(next common.Hash, db *trie.Database
 // - the account was indeed present in trie
 // - the account in old trie matches the provided value
 // - the slots transition is correct
-func (test *stateTest) verifyAccountUpdate(next common.Hash, db *trie.Database, otr, ntr *trie.Trie, addr common.Address, origin []byte, slots map[common.Hash][]byte) error {
+func (test *stateTest) verifyAccountUpdate(next common.Hash, db *triedb.Database, otr, ntr *trie.Trie, addr common.Address, origin []byte, slots map[common.Hash][]byte) error {
 	// Verify account change
 	addrHash := crypto.Keccak256Hash(addr.Bytes())
 	oBlob, err := otr.Get(addrHash.Bytes())
@@ -357,7 +358,7 @@ func (test *stateTest) verifyAccountUpdate(next common.Hash, db *trie.Database,
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (test *stateTest) verify(root common.Hash, next common.Hash, db *trie.Database, accountsOrigin map[common.Address][]byte, storagesOrigin map[common.Address]map[common.Hash][]byte) error {
+func (test *stateTest) verify(root common.Hash, next common.Hash, db *triedb.Database, accountsOrigin map[common.Address][]byte, storagesOrigin map[common.Address]map[common.Hash][]byte) error {
 	otr, err := trie.New(trie.StateTrieID(root), db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
diff --git a/core/state/statedb_test.go b/core/state/statedb_test.go
index 889fbf997..cd86a7f4b 100644
--- a/core/state/statedb_test.go
+++ b/core/state/statedb_test.go
@@ -36,9 +36,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/hashdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/hashdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ func TestUpdateLeaks(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create an empty state database
 	var (
 		db  = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		tdb = trie.NewDatabase(db, nil)
+		tdb = triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil)
 	)
 	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, tdb), nil)
 
@@ -84,8 +85,8 @@ func TestIntermediateLeaks(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create two state databases, one transitioning to the final state, the other final from the beginning
 	transDb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	finalDb := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	transNdb := trie.NewDatabase(transDb, nil)
-	finalNdb := trie.NewDatabase(finalDb, nil)
+	transNdb := triedb.NewDatabase(transDb, nil)
+	finalNdb := triedb.NewDatabase(finalDb, nil)
 	transState, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(transDb, transNdb), nil)
 	finalState, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(finalDb, finalNdb), nil)
 
@@ -798,20 +799,20 @@ func TestMissingTrieNodes(t *testing.T) {
 func testMissingTrieNodes(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	// Create an initial state with a few accounts
 	var (
-		triedb *trie.Database
-		memDb  = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
+		tdb   *triedb.Database
+		memDb = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	)
 	if scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
-		triedb = trie.NewDatabase(memDb, &trie.Config{PathDB: &pathdb.Config{
+		tdb = triedb.NewDatabase(memDb, &triedb.Config{PathDB: &pathdb.Config{
 			CleanCacheSize: 0,
 			DirtyCacheSize: 0,
 		}}) // disable caching
 	} else {
-		triedb = trie.NewDatabase(memDb, &trie.Config{HashDB: &hashdb.Config{
+		tdb = triedb.NewDatabase(memDb, &triedb.Config{HashDB: &hashdb.Config{
 			CleanCacheSize: 0,
 		}}) // disable caching
 	}
-	db := NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(memDb, triedb)
+	db := NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(memDb, tdb)
 
 	var root common.Hash
 	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
@@ -825,7 +826,7 @@ func testMissingTrieNodes(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		root, _ = state.Commit(0, false)
 		t.Logf("root: %x", root)
 		// force-flush
-		triedb.Commit(root, false)
+		tdb.Commit(root, false)
 	}
 	// Create a new state on the old root
 	state, _ = New(root, db, nil)
@@ -1032,7 +1033,7 @@ func TestFlushOrderDataLoss(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a state trie with many accounts and slots
 	var (
 		memdb    = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		triedb   = trie.NewDatabase(memdb, nil)
+		triedb   = triedb.NewDatabase(memdb, nil)
 		statedb  = NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(memdb, triedb)
 		state, _ = New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb, nil)
 	)
@@ -1104,7 +1105,7 @@ func TestStateDBTransientStorage(t *testing.T) {
 func TestResetObject(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		disk     = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		tdb      = trie.NewDatabase(disk, nil)
+		tdb      = triedb.NewDatabase(disk, nil)
 		db       = NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(disk, tdb)
 		snaps, _ = snapshot.New(snapshot.Config{CacheSize: 10}, disk, tdb, types.EmptyRootHash)
 		state, _ = New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, snaps)
@@ -1138,7 +1139,7 @@ func TestResetObject(t *testing.T) {
 func TestDeleteStorage(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		disk     = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		tdb      = trie.NewDatabase(disk, nil)
+		tdb      = triedb.NewDatabase(disk, nil)
 		db       = NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(disk, tdb)
 		snaps, _ = snapshot.New(snapshot.Config{CacheSize: 10}, disk, tdb, types.EmptyRootHash)
 		state, _ = New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, snaps)
diff --git a/core/state/sync_test.go b/core/state/sync_test.go
index c0a397c3a..052c16657 100644
--- a/core/state/sync_test.go
+++ b/core/state/sync_test.go
@@ -27,8 +27,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/hashdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/hashdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
 
@@ -41,16 +42,16 @@ type testAccount struct {
 }
 
 // makeTestState create a sample test state to test node-wise reconstruction.
-func makeTestState(scheme string) (ethdb.Database, Database, *trie.Database, common.Hash, []*testAccount) {
+func makeTestState(scheme string) (ethdb.Database, Database, *triedb.Database, common.Hash, []*testAccount) {
 	// Create an empty state
-	config := &trie.Config{Preimages: true}
+	config := &triedb.Config{Preimages: true}
 	if scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
 		config.PathDB = pathdb.Defaults
 	} else {
 		config.HashDB = hashdb.Defaults
 	}
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	nodeDb := trie.NewDatabase(db, config)
+	nodeDb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, config)
 	sdb := NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, nodeDb)
 	state, _ := New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb, nil)
 
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ func makeTestState(scheme string) (ethdb.Database, Database, *trie.Database, com
 // checkStateAccounts cross references a reconstructed state with an expected
 // account array.
 func checkStateAccounts(t *testing.T, db ethdb.Database, scheme string, root common.Hash, accounts []*testAccount) {
-	var config trie.Config
+	var config triedb.Config
 	if scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
 		config.PathDB = pathdb.Defaults
 	}
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ func checkStateAccounts(t *testing.T, db ethdb.Database, scheme string, root com
 
 // checkStateConsistency checks that all data of a state root is present.
 func checkStateConsistency(db ethdb.Database, scheme string, root common.Hash) error {
-	config := &trie.Config{Preimages: true}
+	config := &triedb.Config{Preimages: true}
 	if scheme == rawdb.PathScheme {
 		config.PathDB = pathdb.Defaults
 	}
@@ -130,8 +131,8 @@ func checkStateConsistency(db ethdb.Database, scheme string, root common.Hash) e
 
 // Tests that an empty state is not scheduled for syncing.
 func TestEmptyStateSync(t *testing.T) {
-	dbA := trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
-	dbB := trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), &trie.Config{PathDB: pathdb.Defaults})
+	dbA := triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
+	dbB := triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), &triedb.Config{PathDB: pathdb.Defaults})
 
 	sync := NewStateSync(types.EmptyRootHash, rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil, dbA.Scheme())
 	if paths, nodes, codes := sync.Missing(1); len(paths) != 0 || len(nodes) != 0 || len(codes) != 0 {
diff --git a/core/types/hashing_test.go b/core/types/hashing_test.go
index d2a98ed7b..a6949414f 100644
--- a/core/types/hashing_test.go
+++ b/core/types/hashing_test.go
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 func TestDeriveSha(t *testing.T) {
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ func TestDeriveSha(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	for len(txs) < 1000 {
-		exp := types.DeriveSha(txs, trie.NewEmpty(trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)))
+		exp := types.DeriveSha(txs, trie.NewEmpty(triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)))
 		got := types.DeriveSha(txs, trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
 		if !bytes.Equal(got[:], exp[:]) {
 			t.Fatalf("%d txs: got %x exp %x", len(txs), got, exp)
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ func BenchmarkDeriveSha200(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ResetTimer()
 		b.ReportAllocs()
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			exp = types.DeriveSha(txs, trie.NewEmpty(trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)))
+			exp = types.DeriveSha(txs, trie.NewEmpty(triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)))
 		}
 	})
 
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ func TestFuzzDeriveSha(t *testing.T) {
 	rndSeed := mrand.Int()
 	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
 		seed := rndSeed + i
-		exp := types.DeriveSha(newDummy(i), trie.NewEmpty(trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)))
+		exp := types.DeriveSha(newDummy(i), trie.NewEmpty(triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)))
 		got := types.DeriveSha(newDummy(i), trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
 		if !bytes.Equal(got[:], exp[:]) {
 			printList(newDummy(seed))
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ func TestDerivableList(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 	}
 	for i, tc := range tcs[1:] {
-		exp := types.DeriveSha(flatList(tc), trie.NewEmpty(trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)))
+		exp := types.DeriveSha(flatList(tc), trie.NewEmpty(triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)))
 		got := types.DeriveSha(flatList(tc), trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
 		if !bytes.Equal(got[:], exp[:]) {
 			t.Fatalf("case %d: got %x exp %x", i, got, exp)
diff --git a/eth/api_debug_test.go b/eth/api_debug_test.go
index 4641735cc..671e935be 100644
--- a/eth/api_debug_test.go
+++ b/eth/api_debug_test.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
 )
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func TestAccountRange(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
 	var (
-		statedb = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), &trie.Config{Preimages: true})
+		statedb = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
 		sdb, _  = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, statedb, nil)
 		addrs   = [AccountRangeMaxResults * 2]common.Address{}
 		m       = map[common.Address]bool{}
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ func TestStorageRangeAt(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Create a state where account 0x010000... has a few storage entries.
 	var (
-		db     = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), &trie.Config{Preimages: true})
+		db     = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), &triedb.Config{Preimages: true})
 		sdb, _ = state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil)
 		addr   = common.Address{0x01}
 		keys   = []common.Hash{ // hashes of Keys of storage
diff --git a/eth/downloader/downloader.go b/eth/downloader/downloader.go
index 8d449246a..6e7c5dcf0 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/downloader.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/downloader.go
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ type BlockChain interface {
 
 	// TrieDB retrieves the low level trie database used for interacting
 	// with trie nodes.
-	TrieDB() *trie.Database
+	TrieDB() *triedb.Database
 }
 
 // New creates a new downloader to fetch hashes and blocks from remote peers.
diff --git a/eth/downloader/testchain_test.go b/eth/downloader/testchain_test.go
index 1bf03411d..daa00016c 100644
--- a/eth/downloader/testchain_test.go
+++ b/eth/downloader/testchain_test.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/vm"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 // Test chain parameters.
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ var (
 		Alloc:   core.GenesisAlloc{testAddress: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000)}},
 		BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
 	}
-	testGenesis = testGspec.MustCommit(testDB, trie.NewDatabase(testDB, trie.HashDefaults))
+	testGenesis = testGspec.MustCommit(testDB, triedb.NewDatabase(testDB, triedb.HashDefaults))
 )
 
 // The common prefix of all test chains:
diff --git a/eth/fetcher/block_fetcher_test.go b/eth/fetcher/block_fetcher_test.go
index 6927300b1..bbf1de0b0 100644
--- a/eth/fetcher/block_fetcher_test.go
+++ b/eth/fetcher/block_fetcher_test.go
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/protocols/eth"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -44,7 +45,7 @@ var (
 		Alloc:   core.GenesisAlloc{testAddress: {Balance: big.NewInt(1000000000000000)}},
 		BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee),
 	}
-	genesis      = gspec.MustCommit(testdb, trie.NewDatabase(testdb, trie.HashDefaults))
+	genesis      = gspec.MustCommit(testdb, triedb.NewDatabase(testdb, triedb.HashDefaults))
 	unknownBlock = types.NewBlock(&types.Header{Root: types.EmptyRootHash, GasLimit: params.GenesisGasLimit, BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee)}, nil, nil, nil, trie.NewStackTrie(nil))
 )
 
diff --git a/eth/filters/filter_test.go b/eth/filters/filter_test.go
index 4250e3a9b..5b1795a0f 100644
--- a/eth/filters/filter_test.go
+++ b/eth/filters/filter_test.go
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rpc"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 func makeReceipt(addr common.Address) *types.Receipt {
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func BenchmarkFilters(b *testing.B) {
 	// The test txs are not properly signed, can't simply create a chain
 	// and then import blocks. TODO(rjl493456442) try to get rid of the
 	// manual database writes.
-	gspec.MustCommit(db, trie.NewDatabase(db, trie.HashDefaults))
+	gspec.MustCommit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, triedb.HashDefaults))
 
 	for i, block := range chain {
 		rawdb.WriteBlock(db, block)
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ func TestFilters(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Hack: GenerateChainWithGenesis creates a new db.
 	// Commit the genesis manually and use GenerateChain.
-	_, err = gspec.Commit(db, trie.NewDatabase(db, nil))
+	_, err = gspec.Commit(db, triedb.NewDatabase(db, nil))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
diff --git a/eth/handler.go b/eth/handler.go
index a327af611..6e1c3bef2 100644
--- a/eth/handler.go
+++ b/eth/handler.go
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/metrics"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 )
 
 const (
diff --git a/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go b/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go
index 73d61c2ff..b780868b4 100644
--- a/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go
+++ b/eth/protocols/snap/sync_test.go
@@ -36,8 +36,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/testutil"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
 	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
@@ -1504,7 +1505,7 @@ func getCodeByHash(hash common.Hash) []byte {
 // makeAccountTrieNoStorage spits out a trie, along with the leafs
 func makeAccountTrieNoStorage(n int, scheme string) (string, *trie.Trie, []*kv) {
 	var (
-		db      = trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), newDbConfig(scheme))
+		db      = triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), newDbConfig(scheme))
 		accTrie = trie.NewEmpty(db)
 		entries []*kv
 	)
@@ -1539,7 +1540,7 @@ func makeBoundaryAccountTrie(scheme string, n int) (string, *trie.Trie, []*kv) {
 		entries    []*kv
 		boundaries []common.Hash
 
-		db      = trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), newDbConfig(scheme))
+		db      = triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), newDbConfig(scheme))
 		accTrie = trie.NewEmpty(db)
 	)
 	// Initialize boundaries
@@ -1597,7 +1598,7 @@ func makeBoundaryAccountTrie(scheme string, n int) (string, *trie.Trie, []*kv) {
 // has a unique storage set.
 func makeAccountTrieWithStorageWithUniqueStorage(scheme string, accounts, slots int, code bool) (string, *trie.Trie, []*kv, map[common.Hash]*trie.Trie, map[common.Hash][]*kv) {
 	var (
-		db             = trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), newDbConfig(scheme))
+		db             = triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), newDbConfig(scheme))
 		accTrie        = trie.NewEmpty(db)
 		entries        []*kv
 		storageRoots   = make(map[common.Hash]common.Hash)
@@ -1652,7 +1653,7 @@ func makeAccountTrieWithStorageWithUniqueStorage(scheme string, accounts, slots
 // makeAccountTrieWithStorage spits out a trie, along with the leafs
 func makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme string, accounts, slots int, code, boundary bool, uneven bool) (*trie.Trie, []*kv, map[common.Hash]*trie.Trie, map[common.Hash][]*kv) {
 	var (
-		db             = trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), newDbConfig(scheme))
+		db             = triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), newDbConfig(scheme))
 		accTrie        = trie.NewEmpty(db)
 		entries        []*kv
 		storageRoots   = make(map[common.Hash]common.Hash)
@@ -1725,7 +1726,7 @@ func makeAccountTrieWithStorage(scheme string, accounts, slots int, code, bounda
 // makeStorageTrieWithSeed fills a storage trie with n items, returning the
 // not-yet-committed trie and the sorted entries. The seeds can be used to ensure
 // that tries are unique.
-func makeStorageTrieWithSeed(owner common.Hash, n, seed uint64, db *trie.Database) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet, []*kv) {
+func makeStorageTrieWithSeed(owner common.Hash, n, seed uint64, db *triedb.Database) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet, []*kv) {
 	trie, _ := trie.New(trie.StorageTrieID(types.EmptyRootHash, owner, types.EmptyRootHash), db)
 	var entries []*kv
 	for i := uint64(1); i <= n; i++ {
@@ -1748,7 +1749,7 @@ func makeStorageTrieWithSeed(owner common.Hash, n, seed uint64, db *trie.Databas
 // makeBoundaryStorageTrie constructs a storage trie. Instead of filling
 // storage slots normally, this function will fill a few slots which have
 // boundary hash.
-func makeBoundaryStorageTrie(owner common.Hash, n int, db *trie.Database) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet, []*kv) {
+func makeBoundaryStorageTrie(owner common.Hash, n int, db *triedb.Database) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet, []*kv) {
 	var (
 		entries    []*kv
 		boundaries []common.Hash
@@ -1798,7 +1799,7 @@ func makeBoundaryStorageTrie(owner common.Hash, n int, db *trie.Database) (commo
 
 // makeUnevenStorageTrie constructs a storage tries will states distributed in
 // different range unevenly.
-func makeUnevenStorageTrie(owner common.Hash, slots int, db *trie.Database) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet, []*kv) {
+func makeUnevenStorageTrie(owner common.Hash, slots int, db *triedb.Database) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet, []*kv) {
 	var (
 		entries []*kv
 		tr, _   = trie.New(trie.StorageTrieID(types.EmptyRootHash, owner, types.EmptyRootHash), db)
@@ -1830,7 +1831,7 @@ func makeUnevenStorageTrie(owner common.Hash, slots int, db *trie.Database) (com
 
 func verifyTrie(scheme string, db ethdb.KeyValueStore, root common.Hash, t *testing.T) {
 	t.Helper()
-	triedb := trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(db), newDbConfig(scheme))
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(db), newDbConfig(scheme))
 	accTrie, err := trie.New(trie.StateTrieID(root), triedb)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -1967,9 +1968,9 @@ func TestSlotEstimation(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func newDbConfig(scheme string) *trie.Config {
+func newDbConfig(scheme string) *triedb.Config {
 	if scheme == rawdb.HashScheme {
-		return &trie.Config{}
+		return &triedb.Config{}
 	}
-	return &trie.Config{PathDB: pathdb.Defaults}
+	return &triedb.Config{PathDB: pathdb.Defaults}
 }
diff --git a/eth/state_accessor.go b/eth/state_accessor.go
index 24694df66..526361a2b 100644
--- a/eth/state_accessor.go
+++ b/eth/state_accessor.go
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/eth/tracers"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 // noopReleaser is returned in case there is no operation expected
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ func (eth *Ethereum) hashState(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, reexec u
 	var (
 		current  *types.Block
 		database state.Database
-		triedb   *trie.Database
+		tdb      *triedb.Database
 		report   = true
 		origin   = block.NumberU64()
 	)
@@ -67,14 +68,14 @@ func (eth *Ethereum) hashState(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, reexec u
 			// the internal junks created by tracing will be persisted into the disk.
 			// TODO(rjl493456442), clean cache is disabled to prevent memory leak,
 			// please re-enable it for better performance.
-			database = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(eth.chainDb, trie.HashDefaults)
+			database = state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(eth.chainDb, triedb.HashDefaults)
 			if statedb, err = state.New(block.Root(), database, nil); err == nil {
 				log.Info("Found disk backend for state trie", "root", block.Root(), "number", block.Number())
 				return statedb, noopReleaser, nil
 			}
 		}
 		// The optional base statedb is given, mark the start point as parent block
-		statedb, database, triedb, report = base, base.Database(), base.Database().TrieDB(), false
+		statedb, database, tdb, report = base, base.Database(), base.Database().TrieDB(), false
 		current = eth.blockchain.GetBlock(block.ParentHash(), block.NumberU64()-1)
 	} else {
 		// Otherwise, try to reexec blocks until we find a state or reach our limit
@@ -84,8 +85,8 @@ func (eth *Ethereum) hashState(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, reexec u
 		// the internal junks created by tracing will be persisted into the disk.
 		// TODO(rjl493456442), clean cache is disabled to prevent memory leak,
 		// please re-enable it for better performance.
-		triedb = trie.NewDatabase(eth.chainDb, trie.HashDefaults)
-		database = state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(eth.chainDb, triedb)
+		tdb = triedb.NewDatabase(eth.chainDb, triedb.HashDefaults)
+		database = state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(eth.chainDb, tdb)
 
 		// If we didn't check the live database, do check state over ephemeral database,
 		// otherwise we would rewind past a persisted block (specific corner case is
@@ -161,17 +162,17 @@ func (eth *Ethereum) hashState(ctx context.Context, block *types.Block, reexec u
 		}
 		// Hold the state reference and also drop the parent state
 		// to prevent accumulating too many nodes in memory.
-		triedb.Reference(root, common.Hash{})
+		tdb.Reference(root, common.Hash{})
 		if parent != (common.Hash{}) {
-			triedb.Dereference(parent)
+			tdb.Dereference(parent)
 		}
 		parent = root
 	}
 	if report {
-		_, nodes, imgs := triedb.Size() // all memory is contained within the nodes return in hashdb
+		_, nodes, imgs := tdb.Size() // all memory is contained within the nodes return in hashdb
 		log.Info("Historical state regenerated", "block", current.NumberU64(), "elapsed", time.Since(start), "nodes", nodes, "preimages", imgs)
 	}
-	return statedb, func() { triedb.Dereference(block.Root()) }, nil
+	return statedb, func() { tdb.Dereference(block.Root()) }, nil
 }
 
 func (eth *Ethereum) pathState(block *types.Block) (*state.StateDB, func(), error) {
diff --git a/miner/miner_test.go b/miner/miner_test.go
index 016732f36..8305076db 100644
--- a/miner/miner_test.go
+++ b/miner/miner_test.go
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 )
 
 type mockBackend struct {
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@ func createMiner(t *testing.T) (*Miner, *event.TypeMux, func(skipMiner bool)) {
 	}
 	// Create chainConfig
 	chainDB := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-	triedb := trie.NewDatabase(chainDB, nil)
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(chainDB, nil)
 	genesis := minerTestGenesisBlock(15, 11_500_000, common.HexToAddress("12345"))
 	chainConfig, _, err := core.SetupGenesisBlock(chainDB, triedb, genesis)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/tests/block_test_util.go b/tests/block_test_util.go
index 2b6ba6db0..6d3c4e533 100644
--- a/tests/block_test_util.go
+++ b/tests/block_test_util.go
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/hashdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/hashdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 )
 
 // A BlockTest checks handling of entire blocks.
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func (t *BlockTest) Run(snapshotter bool, scheme string, tracer vm.EVMLogger, po
 	// import pre accounts & construct test genesis block & state root
 	var (
 		db    = rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
-		tconf = &trie.Config{
+		tconf = &triedb.Config{
 			Preimages: true,
 		}
 	)
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func (t *BlockTest) Run(snapshotter bool, scheme string, tracer vm.EVMLogger, po
 	}
 	// Commit genesis state
 	gspec := t.genesis(config)
-	triedb := trie.NewDatabase(db, tconf)
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, tconf)
 	gblock, err := gspec.Commit(db, triedb)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
diff --git a/tests/fuzzers/rangeproof/rangeproof-fuzzer.go b/tests/fuzzers/rangeproof/rangeproof-fuzzer.go
index 6b5ca9088..dcafebb26 100644
--- a/tests/fuzzers/rangeproof/rangeproof-fuzzer.go
+++ b/tests/fuzzers/rangeproof/rangeproof-fuzzer.go
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb/memorydb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
 	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
 )
 
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ func (f *fuzzer) readInt() uint64 {
 }
 
 func (f *fuzzer) randomTrie(n int) (*trie.Trie, map[string]*kv) {
-	trie := trie.NewEmpty(trie.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := trie.NewEmpty(triedb.NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
 	vals := make(map[string]*kv)
 	size := f.readInt()
 	// Fill it with some fluff
diff --git a/tests/state_test_util.go b/tests/state_test_util.go
index eb5738242..92014ed82 100644
--- a/tests/state_test_util.go
+++ b/tests/state_test_util.go
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/hashdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/hashdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
 )
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func (t *StateTest) Run(subtest StateSubtest, vmconfig vm.Config, snapshotter bo
 }
 
 // RunNoVerify runs a specific subtest and returns the statedb and post-state root
-func (t *StateTest) RunNoVerify(subtest StateSubtest, vmconfig vm.Config, snapshotter bool, scheme string) (*trie.Database, *snapshot.Tree, *state.StateDB, common.Hash, error) {
+func (t *StateTest) RunNoVerify(subtest StateSubtest, vmconfig vm.Config, snapshotter bool, scheme string) (*triedb.Database, *snapshot.Tree, *state.StateDB, common.Hash, error) {
 	config, eips, err := GetChainConfig(subtest.Fork)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, nil, nil, common.Hash{}, UnsupportedForkError{subtest.Fork}
@@ -327,14 +327,14 @@ func (t *StateTest) gasLimit(subtest StateSubtest) uint64 {
 	return t.json.Tx.GasLimit[t.json.Post[subtest.Fork][subtest.Index].Indexes.Gas]
 }
 
-func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts core.GenesisAlloc, snapshotter bool, scheme string) (*trie.Database, *snapshot.Tree, *state.StateDB) {
-	tconf := &trie.Config{Preimages: true}
+func MakePreState(db ethdb.Database, accounts core.GenesisAlloc, snapshotter bool, scheme string) (*triedb.Database, *snapshot.Tree, *state.StateDB) {
+	tconf := &triedb.Config{Preimages: true}
 	if scheme == rawdb.HashScheme {
 		tconf.HashDB = hashdb.Defaults
 	} else {
 		tconf.PathDB = pathdb.Defaults
 	}
-	triedb := trie.NewDatabase(db, tconf)
+	triedb := triedb.NewDatabase(db, tconf)
 	sdb := state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb)
 	statedb, _ := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, sdb, nil)
 	for addr, a := range accounts {
diff --git a/trie/committer.go b/trie/committer.go
index 92163cdb3..4e2f7b8bd 100644
--- a/trie/committer.go
+++ b/trie/committer.go
@@ -154,12 +154,12 @@ func (c *committer) store(path []byte, n node) node {
 	return hash
 }
 
-// mptResolver the children resolver in merkle-patricia-tree.
-type mptResolver struct{}
+// MerkleResolver the children resolver in merkle-patricia-tree.
+type MerkleResolver struct{}
 
 // ForEach implements childResolver, decodes the provided node and
 // traverses the children inside.
-func (resolver mptResolver) ForEach(node []byte, onChild func(common.Hash)) {
+func (resolver MerkleResolver) ForEach(node []byte, onChild func(common.Hash)) {
 	forGatherChildren(mustDecodeNodeUnsafe(nil, node), onChild)
 }
 
diff --git a/trie/database_test.go b/trie/database_test.go
index d508c6553..aed508b36 100644
--- a/trie/database_test.go
+++ b/trie/database_test.go
@@ -17,24 +17,136 @@
 package trie
 
 import (
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/hashdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
 )
 
-// newTestDatabase initializes the trie database with specified scheme.
-func newTestDatabase(diskdb ethdb.Database, scheme string) *Database {
-	config := &Config{Preimages: false}
-	if scheme == rawdb.HashScheme {
-		config.HashDB = &hashdb.Config{
-			CleanCacheSize: 0,
-		} // disable clean cache
-	} else {
-		config.PathDB = &pathdb.Config{
-			CleanCacheSize: 0,
-			DirtyCacheSize: 0,
-		} // disable clean/dirty cache
-	}
-	return NewDatabase(diskdb, config)
+// testReader implements database.Reader interface, providing function to
+// access trie nodes.
+type testReader struct {
+	db     ethdb.Database
+	scheme string
+	nodes  []*trienode.MergedNodeSet // sorted from new to old
+}
+
+// Node implements database.Reader interface, retrieving trie node with
+// all available cached layers.
+func (r *testReader) Node(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
+	// Check the node presence with the cached layer, from latest to oldest.
+	for _, nodes := range r.nodes {
+		if _, ok := nodes.Sets[owner]; !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		n, ok := nodes.Sets[owner].Nodes[string(path)]
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		if n.IsDeleted() || n.Hash != hash {
+			return nil, &MissingNodeError{Owner: owner, Path: path, NodeHash: hash}
+		}
+		return n.Blob, nil
+	}
+	// Check the node presence in database.
+	return rawdb.ReadTrieNode(r.db, owner, path, hash, r.scheme), nil
+}
+
+// testDb implements database.Database interface, using for testing purpose.
+type testDb struct {
+	disk    ethdb.Database
+	root    common.Hash
+	scheme  string
+	nodes   map[common.Hash]*trienode.MergedNodeSet
+	parents map[common.Hash]common.Hash
+}
+
+func newTestDatabase(diskdb ethdb.Database, scheme string) *testDb {
+	return &testDb{
+		disk:    diskdb,
+		root:    types.EmptyRootHash,
+		scheme:  scheme,
+		nodes:   make(map[common.Hash]*trienode.MergedNodeSet),
+		parents: make(map[common.Hash]common.Hash),
+	}
+}
+
+func (db *testDb) Reader(stateRoot common.Hash) (database.Reader, error) {
+	nodes, _ := db.dirties(stateRoot, true)
+	return &testReader{db: db.disk, scheme: db.scheme, nodes: nodes}, nil
+}
+
+func (db *testDb) Preimage(hash common.Hash) []byte {
+	return rawdb.ReadPreimage(db.disk, hash)
+}
+
+func (db *testDb) InsertPreimage(preimages map[common.Hash][]byte) {
+	rawdb.WritePreimages(db.disk, preimages)
+}
+
+func (db *testDb) Scheme() string { return db.scheme }
+
+func (db *testDb) Update(root common.Hash, parent common.Hash, nodes *trienode.MergedNodeSet) error {
+	if root == parent {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if _, ok := db.nodes[root]; ok {
+		return nil
+	}
+	db.parents[root] = parent
+	db.nodes[root] = nodes
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (db *testDb) dirties(root common.Hash, topToBottom bool) ([]*trienode.MergedNodeSet, []common.Hash) {
+	var (
+		pending []*trienode.MergedNodeSet
+		roots   []common.Hash
+	)
+	for {
+		if root == db.root {
+			break
+		}
+		nodes, ok := db.nodes[root]
+		if !ok {
+			break
+		}
+		if topToBottom {
+			pending = append(pending, nodes)
+			roots = append(roots, root)
+		} else {
+			pending = append([]*trienode.MergedNodeSet{nodes}, pending...)
+			roots = append([]common.Hash{root}, roots...)
+		}
+		root = db.parents[root]
+	}
+	return pending, roots
+}
+
+func (db *testDb) Commit(root common.Hash) error {
+	if root == db.root {
+		return nil
+	}
+	pending, roots := db.dirties(root, false)
+	for i, nodes := range pending {
+		for owner, set := range nodes.Sets {
+			if owner == (common.Hash{}) {
+				continue
+			}
+			set.ForEachWithOrder(func(path string, n *trienode.Node) {
+				rawdb.WriteTrieNode(db.disk, owner, []byte(path), n.Hash, n.Blob, db.scheme)
+			})
+		}
+		nodes.Sets[common.Hash{}].ForEachWithOrder(func(path string, n *trienode.Node) {
+			rawdb.WriteTrieNode(db.disk, common.Hash{}, []byte(path), n.Hash, n.Blob, db.scheme)
+		})
+		db.root = roots[i]
+	}
+	for _, root := range roots {
+		delete(db.nodes, root)
+		delete(db.parents, root)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
diff --git a/trie/iterator_test.go b/trie/iterator_test.go
index 9679b49ca..41e83f6cb 100644
--- a/trie/iterator_test.go
+++ b/trie/iterator_test.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestEmptyIterator(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	iter := trie.MustNodeIterator(nil)
 
 	seen := make(map[string]struct{})
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func TestEmptyIterator(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIterator(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
+	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	trie := NewEmpty(db)
 	vals := []struct{ k, v string }{
 		{"do", "verb"},
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ func TestIterator(t *testing.T) {
 		trie.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
 	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
-	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 
 	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
 	found := make(map[string]string)
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ func (k *kv) cmp(other *kv) int {
 }
 
 func TestIteratorLargeData(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	vals := make(map[string]*kv)
 
 	for i := byte(0); i < 255; i++ {
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ var testdata2 = []kvs{
 }
 
 func TestIteratorSeek(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	for _, val := range testdata1 {
 		trie.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
@@ -246,22 +246,22 @@ func checkIteratorOrder(want []kvs, it *Iterator) error {
 }
 
 func TestDifferenceIterator(t *testing.T) {
-	dba := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
+	dba := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	triea := NewEmpty(dba)
 	for _, val := range testdata1 {
 		triea.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
 	rootA, nodesA, _ := triea.Commit(false)
-	dba.Update(rootA, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesA), nil)
+	dba.Update(rootA, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesA))
 	triea, _ = New(TrieID(rootA), dba)
 
-	dbb := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
+	dbb := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	trieb := NewEmpty(dbb)
 	for _, val := range testdata2 {
 		trieb.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
 	rootB, nodesB, _ := trieb.Commit(false)
-	dbb.Update(rootB, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesB), nil)
+	dbb.Update(rootB, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesB))
 	trieb, _ = New(TrieID(rootB), dbb)
 
 	found := make(map[string]string)
@@ -288,22 +288,22 @@ func TestDifferenceIterator(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestUnionIterator(t *testing.T) {
-	dba := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
+	dba := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	triea := NewEmpty(dba)
 	for _, val := range testdata1 {
 		triea.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
 	rootA, nodesA, _ := triea.Commit(false)
-	dba.Update(rootA, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesA), nil)
+	dba.Update(rootA, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesA))
 	triea, _ = New(TrieID(rootA), dba)
 
-	dbb := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
+	dbb := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	trieb := NewEmpty(dbb)
 	for _, val := range testdata2 {
 		trieb.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
 	rootB, nodesB, _ := trieb.Commit(false)
-	dbb.Update(rootB, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesB), nil)
+	dbb.Update(rootB, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesB))
 	trieb, _ = New(TrieID(rootB), dbb)
 
 	di, _ := NewUnionIterator([]NodeIterator{triea.MustNodeIterator(nil), trieb.MustNodeIterator(nil)})
@@ -341,7 +341,8 @@ func TestUnionIterator(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestIteratorNoDups(t *testing.T) {
-	tr := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
+	tr := NewEmpty(db)
 	for _, val := range testdata1 {
 		tr.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
@@ -365,9 +366,9 @@ func testIteratorContinueAfterError(t *testing.T, memonly bool, scheme string) {
 		tr.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
 	root, nodes, _ := tr.Commit(false)
-	tdb.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+	tdb.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 	if !memonly {
-		tdb.Commit(root, false)
+		tdb.Commit(root)
 	}
 	tr, _ = New(TrieID(root), tdb)
 	wantNodeCount := checkIteratorNoDups(t, tr.MustNodeIterator(nil), nil)
@@ -481,9 +482,9 @@ func testIteratorContinueAfterSeekError(t *testing.T, memonly bool, scheme strin
 			break
 		}
 	}
-	triedb.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+	triedb.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 	if !memonly {
-		triedb.Commit(root, false)
+		triedb.Commit(root)
 	}
 	var (
 		barNodeBlob []byte
@@ -555,8 +556,8 @@ func testIteratorNodeBlob(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		trie.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
 	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
-	triedb.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
-	triedb.Commit(root, false)
+	triedb.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+	triedb.Commit(root)
 
 	var found = make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
 	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), triedb)
diff --git a/trie/proof_test.go b/trie/proof_test.go
index 59ae201ce..5471d0efa 100644
--- a/trie/proof_test.go
+++ b/trie/proof_test.go
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func TestProof(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestOneElementProof(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	updateString(trie, "k", "v")
 	for i, prover := range makeProvers(trie) {
 		proof := prover([]byte("k"))
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ func TestBadProof(t *testing.T) {
 // Tests that missing keys can also be proven. The test explicitly uses a single
 // entry trie and checks for missing keys both before and after the single entry.
 func TestMissingKeyProof(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	updateString(trie, "k", "v")
 
 	for i, key := range []string{"a", "j", "l", "z"} {
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ func TestOneElementRangeProof(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Test the mini trie with only a single element.
-	tinyTrie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	tinyTrie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	entry := &kv{randBytes(32), randBytes(20), false}
 	tinyTrie.MustUpdate(entry.k, entry.v)
 
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ func TestAllElementsProof(t *testing.T) {
 // TestSingleSideRangeProof tests the range starts from zero.
 func TestSingleSideRangeProof(t *testing.T) {
 	for i := 0; i < 64; i++ {
-		trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+		trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 		var entries []*kv
 		for i := 0; i < 4096; i++ {
 			value := &kv{randBytes(32), randBytes(20), false}
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ func TestBadRangeProof(t *testing.T) {
 // TestGappedRangeProof focuses on the small trie with embedded nodes.
 // If the gapped node is embedded in the trie, it should be detected too.
 func TestGappedRangeProof(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	var entries []*kv // Sorted entries
 	for i := byte(0); i < 10; i++ {
 		value := &kv{common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{i}, 32), []byte{i}, false}
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ func TestSameSideProofs(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestHasRightElement(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	var entries []*kv
 	for i := 0; i < 4096; i++ {
 		value := &kv{randBytes(32), randBytes(20), false}
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ func benchmarkVerifyRangeNoProof(b *testing.B, size int) {
 }
 
 func randomTrie(n int) (*Trie, map[string]*kv) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	vals := make(map[string]*kv)
 	for i := byte(0); i < 100; i++ {
 		value := &kv{common.LeftPadBytes([]byte{i}, 32), []byte{i}, false}
@@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ func randomTrie(n int) (*Trie, map[string]*kv) {
 }
 
 func nonRandomTrie(n int) (*Trie, map[string]*kv) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	vals := make(map[string]*kv)
 	max := uint64(0xffffffffffffffff)
 	for i := uint64(0); i < uint64(n); i++ {
@@ -978,7 +978,7 @@ func TestRangeProofKeysWithSharedPrefix(t *testing.T) {
 		common.Hex2Bytes("02"),
 		common.Hex2Bytes("03"),
 	}
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	for i, key := range keys {
 		trie.MustUpdate(key, vals[i])
 	}
diff --git a/trie/secure_trie.go b/trie/secure_trie.go
index 7f0685e30..efd4dfb5d 100644
--- a/trie/secure_trie.go
+++ b/trie/secure_trie.go
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
 )
 
 // SecureTrie is the old name of StateTrie.
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ type SecureTrie = StateTrie
 
 // NewSecure creates a new StateTrie.
 // Deprecated: use NewStateTrie.
-func NewSecure(stateRoot common.Hash, owner common.Hash, root common.Hash, db *Database) (*SecureTrie, error) {
+func NewSecure(stateRoot common.Hash, owner common.Hash, root common.Hash, db database.Database) (*SecureTrie, error) {
 	id := &ID{
 		StateRoot: stateRoot,
 		Owner:     owner,
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ func NewSecure(stateRoot common.Hash, owner common.Hash, root common.Hash, db *D
 // StateTrie is not safe for concurrent use.
 type StateTrie struct {
 	trie             Trie
-	preimages        *preimageStore
+	db               database.Database
 	hashKeyBuf       [common.HashLength]byte
 	secKeyCache      map[string][]byte
 	secKeyCacheOwner *StateTrie // Pointer to self, replace the key cache on mismatch
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ type StateTrie struct {
 // If root is the zero hash or the sha3 hash of an empty string, the
 // trie is initially empty. Otherwise, New will panic if db is nil
 // and returns MissingNodeError if the root node cannot be found.
-func NewStateTrie(id *ID, db *Database) (*StateTrie, error) {
+func NewStateTrie(id *ID, db database.Database) (*StateTrie, error) {
 	if db == nil {
 		panic("trie.NewStateTrie called without a database")
 	}
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ func NewStateTrie(id *ID, db *Database) (*StateTrie, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return &StateTrie{trie: *trie, preimages: db.preimages}, nil
+	return &StateTrie{trie: *trie, db: db}, nil
 }
 
 // MustGet returns the value for key stored in the trie.
@@ -210,10 +211,7 @@ func (t *StateTrie) GetKey(shaKey []byte) []byte {
 	if key, ok := t.getSecKeyCache()[string(shaKey)]; ok {
 		return key
 	}
-	if t.preimages == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-	return t.preimages.preimage(common.BytesToHash(shaKey))
+	return t.db.Preimage(common.BytesToHash(shaKey))
 }
 
 // Commit collects all dirty nodes in the trie and replaces them with the
@@ -226,13 +224,11 @@ func (t *StateTrie) GetKey(shaKey []byte) []byte {
 func (t *StateTrie) Commit(collectLeaf bool) (common.Hash, *trienode.NodeSet, error) {
 	// Write all the pre-images to the actual disk database
 	if len(t.getSecKeyCache()) > 0 {
-		if t.preimages != nil {
-			preimages := make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
-			for hk, key := range t.secKeyCache {
-				preimages[common.BytesToHash([]byte(hk))] = key
-			}
-			t.preimages.insertPreimage(preimages)
+		preimages := make(map[common.Hash][]byte)
+		for hk, key := range t.secKeyCache {
+			preimages[common.BytesToHash([]byte(hk))] = key
 		}
+		t.db.InsertPreimage(preimages)
 		t.secKeyCache = make(map[string][]byte)
 	}
 	// Commit the trie and return its modified nodeset.
@@ -249,7 +245,7 @@ func (t *StateTrie) Hash() common.Hash {
 func (t *StateTrie) Copy() *StateTrie {
 	return &StateTrie{
 		trie:        *t.trie.Copy(),
-		preimages:   t.preimages,
+		db:          t.db,
 		secKeyCache: t.secKeyCache,
 	}
 }
diff --git a/trie/secure_trie_test.go b/trie/secure_trie_test.go
index 2087866d3..0a6fd688b 100644
--- a/trie/secure_trie_test.go
+++ b/trie/secure_trie_test.go
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ import (
 )
 
 func newEmptySecure() *StateTrie {
-	trie, _ := NewStateTrie(TrieID(types.EmptyRootHash), NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie, _ := NewStateTrie(TrieID(types.EmptyRootHash), newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	return trie
 }
 
 // makeTestStateTrie creates a large enough secure trie for testing.
-func makeTestStateTrie() (*Database, *StateTrie, map[string][]byte) {
+func makeTestStateTrie() (*testDb, *StateTrie, map[string][]byte) {
 	// Create an empty trie
-	triedb := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
+	triedb := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	trie, _ := NewStateTrie(TrieID(types.EmptyRootHash), triedb)
 
 	// Fill it with some arbitrary data
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func makeTestStateTrie() (*Database, *StateTrie, map[string][]byte) {
 		}
 	}
 	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
-	if err := triedb.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := triedb.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes)); err != nil {
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to commit db %v", err))
 	}
 	// Re-create the trie based on the new state
diff --git a/trie/stacktrie_fuzzer_test.go b/trie/stacktrie_fuzzer_test.go
index 1b3f9dbe9..50b5c4de5 100644
--- a/trie/stacktrie_fuzzer_test.go
+++ b/trie/stacktrie_fuzzer_test.go
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ func fuzz(data []byte, debugging bool) {
 	var (
 		input   = bytes.NewReader(data)
 		spongeA = &spongeDb{sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()}
-		dbA     = NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(spongeA), nil)
+		dbA     = newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(spongeA), rawdb.HashScheme)
 		trieA   = NewEmpty(dbA)
 		spongeB = &spongeDb{sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()}
-		dbB     = NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(spongeB), nil)
+		dbB     = newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(spongeB), rawdb.HashScheme)
 
 		options = NewStackTrieOptions().WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
 			rawdb.WriteTrieNode(spongeB, common.Hash{}, path, hash, blob, dbB.Scheme())
@@ -87,10 +87,10 @@ func fuzz(data []byte, debugging bool) {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	if nodes != nil {
-		dbA.Update(rootA, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+		dbA.Update(rootA, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 	}
 	// Flush memdb -> disk (sponge)
-	dbA.Commit(rootA, false)
+	dbA.Commit(rootA)
 
 	// Stacktrie requires sorted insertion
 	slices.SortFunc(vals, (*kv).cmp)
diff --git a/trie/stacktrie_test.go b/trie/stacktrie_test.go
index 909a77062..3a0e1cb26 100644
--- a/trie/stacktrie_test.go
+++ b/trie/stacktrie_test.go
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ func TestStackTrieInsertAndHash(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestSizeBug(t *testing.T) {
 	st := NewStackTrie(nil)
-	nt := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	nt := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 
 	leaf := common.FromHex("290decd9548b62a8d60345a988386fc84ba6bc95484008f6362f93160ef3e563")
 	value := common.FromHex("94cf40d0d2b44f2b66e07cace1372ca42b73cf21a3")
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ func TestSizeBug(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestEmptyBug(t *testing.T) {
 	st := NewStackTrie(nil)
-	nt := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	nt := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 
 	//leaf := common.FromHex("290decd9548b62a8d60345a988386fc84ba6bc95484008f6362f93160ef3e563")
 	//value := common.FromHex("94cf40d0d2b44f2b66e07cace1372ca42b73cf21a3")
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ func TestEmptyBug(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestValLength56(t *testing.T) {
 	st := NewStackTrie(nil)
-	nt := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	nt := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 
 	//leaf := common.FromHex("290decd9548b62a8d60345a988386fc84ba6bc95484008f6362f93160ef3e563")
 	//value := common.FromHex("94cf40d0d2b44f2b66e07cace1372ca42b73cf21a3")
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ func TestValLength56(t *testing.T) {
 // which causes a lot of node-within-node. This case was found via fuzzing.
 func TestUpdateSmallNodes(t *testing.T) {
 	st := NewStackTrie(nil)
-	nt := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	nt := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	kvs := []struct {
 		K string
 		V string
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ func TestUpdateSmallNodes(t *testing.T) {
 func TestUpdateVariableKeys(t *testing.T) {
 	t.SkipNow()
 	st := NewStackTrie(nil)
-	nt := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	nt := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	kvs := []struct {
 		K string
 		V string
diff --git a/trie/sync_test.go b/trie/sync_test.go
index 585181b48..7bc68c041 100644
--- a/trie/sync_test.go
+++ b/trie/sync_test.go
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 // makeTestTrie create a sample test trie to test node-wise reconstruction.
-func makeTestTrie(scheme string) (ethdb.Database, *Database, *StateTrie, map[string][]byte) {
+func makeTestTrie(scheme string) (ethdb.Database, *testDb, *StateTrie, map[string][]byte) {
 	// Create an empty trie
 	db := rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase()
 	triedb := newTestDatabase(db, scheme)
@@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ func makeTestTrie(scheme string) (ethdb.Database, *Database, *StateTrie, map[str
 		}
 	}
 	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
-	if err := triedb.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := triedb.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes)); err != nil {
 		panic(fmt.Errorf("failed to commit db %v", err))
 	}
-	if err := triedb.Commit(root, false); err != nil {
+	if err := triedb.Commit(root); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	// Re-create the trie based on the new state
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ func TestEmptySync(t *testing.T) {
 	emptyD, _ := New(TrieID(types.EmptyRootHash), dbD)
 
 	for i, trie := range []*Trie{emptyA, emptyB, emptyC, emptyD} {
-		sync := NewSync(trie.Hash(), memorydb.New(), nil, []*Database{dbA, dbB, dbC, dbD}[i].Scheme())
+		sync := NewSync(trie.Hash(), memorydb.New(), nil, []*testDb{dbA, dbB, dbC, dbD}[i].Scheme())
 		if paths, nodes, codes := sync.Missing(1); len(paths) != 0 || len(nodes) != 0 || len(codes) != 0 {
 			t.Errorf("test %d: content requested for empty trie: %v, %v, %v", i, paths, nodes, codes)
 		}
@@ -684,11 +684,11 @@ func testSyncOrdering(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		}
 	}
 }
-func syncWith(t *testing.T, root common.Hash, db ethdb.Database, srcDb *Database) {
+func syncWith(t *testing.T, root common.Hash, db ethdb.Database, srcDb *testDb) {
 	syncWithHookWriter(t, root, db, srcDb, nil)
 }
 
-func syncWithHookWriter(t *testing.T, root common.Hash, db ethdb.Database, srcDb *Database, hookWriter ethdb.KeyValueWriter) {
+func syncWithHookWriter(t *testing.T, root common.Hash, db ethdb.Database, srcDb *testDb, hookWriter ethdb.KeyValueWriter) {
 	// Create a destination trie and sync with the scheduler
 	sched := NewSync(root, db, nil, srcDb.Scheme())
 
@@ -771,10 +771,10 @@ func testSyncMovingTarget(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		diff[string(key)] = val
 	}
 	root, nodes, _ := srcTrie.Commit(false)
-	if err := srcDb.Update(root, preRoot, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := srcDb.Update(root, preRoot, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes)); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	if err := srcDb.Commit(root, false); err != nil {
+	if err := srcDb.Commit(root); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	preRoot = root
@@ -796,10 +796,10 @@ func testSyncMovingTarget(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 		reverted[k] = val
 	}
 	root, nodes, _ = srcTrie.Commit(false)
-	if err := srcDb.Update(root, preRoot, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := srcDb.Update(root, preRoot, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes)); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	if err := srcDb.Commit(root, false); err != nil {
+	if err := srcDb.Commit(root); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	srcTrie, _ = NewStateTrie(TrieID(root), srcDb)
@@ -854,10 +854,10 @@ func testPivotMove(t *testing.T, scheme string, tiny bool) {
 	writeFn([]byte{0x13, 0x44}, nil, srcTrie, stateA)
 
 	rootA, nodesA, _ := srcTrie.Commit(false)
-	if err := srcTrieDB.Update(rootA, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesA), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := srcTrieDB.Update(rootA, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesA)); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	if err := srcTrieDB.Commit(rootA, false); err != nil {
+	if err := srcTrieDB.Commit(rootA); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	// Create a destination trie and sync with the scheduler
@@ -873,10 +873,10 @@ func testPivotMove(t *testing.T, scheme string, tiny bool) {
 	writeFn([]byte{0x01, 0x24}, nil, srcTrie, stateB)
 
 	rootB, nodesB, _ := srcTrie.Commit(false)
-	if err := srcTrieDB.Update(rootB, rootA, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesB), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := srcTrieDB.Update(rootB, rootA, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesB)); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	if err := srcTrieDB.Commit(rootB, false); err != nil {
+	if err := srcTrieDB.Commit(rootB); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	syncWith(t, rootB, destDisk, srcTrieDB)
@@ -891,10 +891,10 @@ func testPivotMove(t *testing.T, scheme string, tiny bool) {
 	writeFn([]byte{0x13, 0x44}, nil, srcTrie, stateC)
 
 	rootC, nodesC, _ := srcTrie.Commit(false)
-	if err := srcTrieDB.Update(rootC, rootB, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesC), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := srcTrieDB.Update(rootC, rootB, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesC)); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	if err := srcTrieDB.Commit(rootC, false); err != nil {
+	if err := srcTrieDB.Commit(rootC); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	syncWith(t, rootC, destDisk, srcTrieDB)
@@ -960,10 +960,10 @@ func testSyncAbort(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	writeFn(key, val, srcTrie, stateA)
 
 	rootA, nodesA, _ := srcTrie.Commit(false)
-	if err := srcTrieDB.Update(rootA, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesA), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := srcTrieDB.Update(rootA, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesA)); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	if err := srcTrieDB.Commit(rootA, false); err != nil {
+	if err := srcTrieDB.Commit(rootA); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	// Create a destination trie and sync with the scheduler
@@ -977,10 +977,10 @@ func testSyncAbort(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 	deleteFn(key, srcTrie, stateB)
 
 	rootB, nodesB, _ := srcTrie.Commit(false)
-	if err := srcTrieDB.Update(rootB, rootA, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesB), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := srcTrieDB.Update(rootB, rootA, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesB)); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	if err := srcTrieDB.Commit(rootB, false); err != nil {
+	if err := srcTrieDB.Commit(rootB); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 
@@ -1004,10 +1004,10 @@ func testSyncAbort(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 
 	writeFn(key, val, srcTrie, stateC)
 	rootC, nodesC, _ := srcTrie.Commit(false)
-	if err := srcTrieDB.Update(rootC, rootB, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesC), nil); err != nil {
+	if err := srcTrieDB.Update(rootC, rootB, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodesC)); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
-	if err := srcTrieDB.Commit(rootC, false); err != nil {
+	if err := srcTrieDB.Commit(rootC); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 	syncWith(t, rootC, destDisk, srcTrieDB)
diff --git a/trie/tracer_test.go b/trie/tracer_test.go
index acb8c2f6b..27e42d497 100644
--- a/trie/tracer_test.go
+++ b/trie/tracer_test.go
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func TestTrieTracer(t *testing.T) {
 // Tests if the trie diffs are tracked correctly. Tracer should capture
 // all non-leaf dirty nodes, no matter the node is embedded or not.
 func testTrieTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
+	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	trie := NewEmpty(db)
 
 	// Determine all new nodes are tracked
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func testTrieTracer(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	insertSet := copySet(trie.tracer.inserts) // copy before commit
 	deleteSet := copySet(trie.tracer.deletes) // copy before commit
 	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
-	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 
 	seen := setKeys(iterNodes(db, root))
 	if !compareSet(insertSet, seen) {
@@ -104,7 +104,8 @@ func TestTrieTracerNoop(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func testTrieTracerNoop(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
+	trie := NewEmpty(db)
 	for _, val := range vals {
 		trie.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ func TestAccessList(t *testing.T) {
 
 func testAccessList(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 	var (
-		db   = NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
+		db   = newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 		trie = NewEmpty(db)
 		orig = trie.Copy()
 	)
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ func testAccessList(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 		trie.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
 	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
-	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 
 	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
 	if err := verifyAccessList(orig, trie, nodes); err != nil {
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ func testAccessList(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 		trie.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), randBytes(32))
 	}
 	root, nodes, _ = trie.Commit(false)
-	db.Update(root, parent, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+	db.Update(root, parent, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 
 	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
 	if err := verifyAccessList(orig, trie, nodes); err != nil {
@@ -170,7 +171,7 @@ func testAccessList(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 		trie.MustUpdate(key, randBytes(32))
 	}
 	root, nodes, _ = trie.Commit(false)
-	db.Update(root, parent, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+	db.Update(root, parent, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 
 	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
 	if err := verifyAccessList(orig, trie, nodes); err != nil {
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ func testAccessList(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 		trie.MustUpdate([]byte(key), nil)
 	}
 	root, nodes, _ = trie.Commit(false)
-	db.Update(root, parent, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+	db.Update(root, parent, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 
 	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
 	if err := verifyAccessList(orig, trie, nodes); err != nil {
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ func testAccessList(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 		trie.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), nil)
 	}
 	root, nodes, _ = trie.Commit(false)
-	db.Update(root, parent, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+	db.Update(root, parent, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 
 	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
 	if err := verifyAccessList(orig, trie, nodes); err != nil {
@@ -211,7 +212,7 @@ func testAccessList(t *testing.T, vals []struct{ k, v string }) {
 // Tests origin values won't be tracked in Iterator or Prover
 func TestAccessListLeak(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
-		db   = NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
+		db   = newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 		trie = NewEmpty(db)
 	)
 	// Create trie from scratch
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ func TestAccessListLeak(t *testing.T) {
 		trie.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
 	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
-	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 
 	var cases = []struct {
 		op func(tr *Trie)
@@ -262,14 +263,14 @@ func TestAccessListLeak(t *testing.T) {
 // in its parent due to the smaller size of the original tree node.
 func TestTinyTree(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
-		db   = NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
+		db   = newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 		trie = NewEmpty(db)
 	)
 	for _, val := range tiny {
 		trie.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), randBytes(32))
 	}
 	root, set, _ := trie.Commit(false)
-	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(set), nil)
+	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(set))
 
 	parent := root
 	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
@@ -278,7 +279,7 @@ func TestTinyTree(t *testing.T) {
 		trie.MustUpdate([]byte(val.k), []byte(val.v))
 	}
 	root, set, _ = trie.Commit(false)
-	db.Update(root, parent, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(set), nil)
+	db.Update(root, parent, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(set))
 
 	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
 	if err := verifyAccessList(orig, trie, set); err != nil {
@@ -312,7 +313,7 @@ func forNodes(tr *Trie) map[string][]byte {
 	return nodes
 }
 
-func iterNodes(db *Database, root common.Hash) map[string][]byte {
+func iterNodes(db *testDb, root common.Hash) map[string][]byte {
 	tr, _ := New(TrieID(root), db)
 	return forNodes(tr)
 }
diff --git a/trie/trie.go b/trie/trie.go
index 07467ac69..12764e18d 100644
--- a/trie/trie.go
+++ b/trie/trie.go
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
 )
 
 // Trie is a Merkle Patricia Trie. Use New to create a trie that sits on
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ func (t *Trie) Copy() *Trie {
 // zero hash or the sha3 hash of an empty string, then trie is initially
 // empty, otherwise, the root node must be present in database or returns
 // a MissingNodeError if not.
-func New(id *ID, db *Database) (*Trie, error) {
+func New(id *ID, db database.Database) (*Trie, error) {
 	reader, err := newTrieReader(id.StateRoot, id.Owner, db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ func New(id *ID, db *Database) (*Trie, error) {
 }
 
 // NewEmpty is a shortcut to create empty tree. It's mostly used in tests.
-func NewEmpty(db *Database) *Trie {
+func NewEmpty(db database.Database) *Trie {
 	tr, _ := New(TrieID(types.EmptyRootHash), db)
 	return tr
 }
diff --git a/trie/trie_reader.go b/trie/trie_reader.go
index 421596455..42bc4316f 100644
--- a/trie/trie_reader.go
+++ b/trie/trie_reader.go
@@ -21,31 +21,19 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triestate"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
 )
 
-// Reader wraps the Node method of a backing trie store.
-type Reader interface {
-	// Node retrieves the trie node blob with the provided trie identifier, node path and
-	// the corresponding node hash. No error will be returned if the node is not found.
-	//
-	// When looking up nodes in the account trie, 'owner' is the zero hash. For contract
-	// storage trie nodes, 'owner' is the hash of the account address that containing the
-	// storage.
-	//
-	// TODO(rjl493456442): remove the 'hash' parameter, it's redundant in PBSS.
-	Node(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash) ([]byte, error)
-}
-
 // trieReader is a wrapper of the underlying node reader. It's not safe
 // for concurrent usage.
 type trieReader struct {
 	owner  common.Hash
-	reader Reader
+	reader database.Reader
 	banned map[string]struct{} // Marker to prevent node from being accessed, for tests
 }
 
 // newTrieReader initializes the trie reader with the given node reader.
-func newTrieReader(stateRoot, owner common.Hash, db *Database) (*trieReader, error) {
+func newTrieReader(stateRoot, owner common.Hash, db database.Database) (*trieReader, error) {
 	if stateRoot == (common.Hash{}) || stateRoot == types.EmptyRootHash {
 		if stateRoot == (common.Hash{}) {
 			log.Error("Zero state root hash!")
@@ -85,17 +73,22 @@ func (r *trieReader) node(path []byte, hash common.Hash) ([]byte, error) {
 	return blob, nil
 }
 
-// trieLoader implements triestate.TrieLoader for constructing tries.
-type trieLoader struct {
-	db *Database
+// MerkleLoader implements triestate.TrieLoader for constructing tries.
+type MerkleLoader struct {
+	db database.Database
+}
+
+// NewMerkleLoader creates the merkle trie loader.
+func NewMerkleLoader(db database.Database) *MerkleLoader {
+	return &MerkleLoader{db: db}
 }
 
 // OpenTrie opens the main account trie.
-func (l *trieLoader) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (triestate.Trie, error) {
+func (l *MerkleLoader) OpenTrie(root common.Hash) (triestate.Trie, error) {
 	return New(TrieID(root), l.db)
 }
 
 // OpenStorageTrie opens the storage trie of an account.
-func (l *trieLoader) OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, addrHash, root common.Hash) (triestate.Trie, error) {
+func (l *MerkleLoader) OpenStorageTrie(stateRoot common.Hash, addrHash, root common.Hash) (triestate.Trie, error) {
 	return New(StorageTrieID(stateRoot, addrHash, root), l.db)
 }
diff --git a/trie/trie_test.go b/trie/trie_test.go
index b799a0c3e..379a866f7 100644
--- a/trie/trie_test.go
+++ b/trie/trie_test.go
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"math/rand"
 	"reflect"
+	"sort"
 	"testing"
 	"testing/quick"
 
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 func TestEmptyTrie(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	res := trie.Hash()
 	exp := types.EmptyRootHash
 	if res != exp {
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ func TestEmptyTrie(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestNull(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	key := make([]byte, 32)
 	value := []byte("test")
 	trie.MustUpdate(key, value)
@@ -95,10 +96,10 @@ func testMissingNode(t *testing.T, memonly bool, scheme string) {
 	updateString(trie, "120000", "qwerqwerqwerqwerqwerqwerqwerqwer")
 	updateString(trie, "123456", "asdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdfasdf")
 	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
-	triedb.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+	triedb.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 
 	if !memonly {
-		triedb.Commit(root, false)
+		triedb.Commit(root)
 	}
 
 	trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), triedb)
@@ -167,7 +168,7 @@ func testMissingNode(t *testing.T, memonly bool, scheme string) {
 }
 
 func TestInsert(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 
 	updateString(trie, "doe", "reindeer")
 	updateString(trie, "dog", "puppy")
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@ func TestInsert(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("case 1: exp %x got %x", exp, root)
 	}
 
-	trie = NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie = NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	updateString(trie, "A", "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa")
 
 	exp = common.HexToHash("d23786fb4a010da3ce639d66d5e904a11dbc02746d1ce25029e53290cabf28ab")
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ func TestInsert(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestGet(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
+	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	trie := NewEmpty(db)
 	updateString(trie, "doe", "reindeer")
 	updateString(trie, "dog", "puppy")
@@ -209,13 +210,14 @@ func TestGet(t *testing.T) {
 			return
 		}
 		root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
-		db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+		db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 		trie, _ = New(TrieID(root), db)
 	}
 }
 
 func TestDelete(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
+	trie := NewEmpty(db)
 	vals := []struct{ k, v string }{
 		{"do", "verb"},
 		{"ether", "wookiedoo"},
@@ -242,7 +244,7 @@ func TestDelete(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestEmptyValues(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 
 	vals := []struct{ k, v string }{
 		{"do", "verb"},
@@ -266,7 +268,7 @@ func TestEmptyValues(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestReplication(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
+	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	trie := NewEmpty(db)
 	vals := []struct{ k, v string }{
 		{"do", "verb"},
@@ -281,7 +283,7 @@ func TestReplication(t *testing.T) {
 		updateString(trie, val.k, val.v)
 	}
 	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
-	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 
 	// create a new trie on top of the database and check that lookups work.
 	trie2, err := New(TrieID(root), db)
@@ -300,7 +302,7 @@ func TestReplication(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// recreate the trie after commit
 	if nodes != nil {
-		db.Update(hash, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+		db.Update(hash, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 	}
 	trie2, err = New(TrieID(hash), db)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -327,7 +329,7 @@ func TestReplication(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestLargeValue(t *testing.T) {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	trie.MustUpdate([]byte("key1"), []byte{99, 99, 99, 99})
 	trie.MustUpdate([]byte("key2"), bytes.Repeat([]byte{1}, 32))
 	trie.Hash()
@@ -531,7 +533,7 @@ func runRandTest(rt randTest) error {
 		case opCommit:
 			root, nodes, _ := tr.Commit(true)
 			if nodes != nil {
-				triedb.Update(root, origin, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+				triedb.Update(root, origin, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 			}
 			newtr, err := New(TrieID(root), triedb)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -632,7 +634,7 @@ func BenchmarkUpdateLE(b *testing.B) { benchUpdate(b, binary.LittleEndian) }
 const benchElemCount = 20000
 
 func benchGet(b *testing.B) {
-	triedb := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
+	triedb := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	trie := NewEmpty(triedb)
 	k := make([]byte, 32)
 	for i := 0; i < benchElemCount; i++ {
@@ -651,7 +653,7 @@ func benchGet(b *testing.B) {
 }
 
 func benchUpdate(b *testing.B, e binary.ByteOrder) *Trie {
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	k := make([]byte, 32)
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
@@ -683,7 +685,7 @@ func BenchmarkHash(b *testing.B) {
 	// entries, then adding N more.
 	addresses, accounts := makeAccounts(2 * b.N)
 	// Insert the accounts into the trie and hash it
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	i := 0
 	for ; i < len(addresses)/2; i++ {
 		trie.MustUpdate(crypto.Keccak256(addresses[i][:]), accounts[i])
@@ -714,7 +716,7 @@ func BenchmarkCommitAfterHash(b *testing.B) {
 func benchmarkCommitAfterHash(b *testing.B, collectLeaf bool) {
 	// Make the random benchmark deterministic
 	addresses, accounts := makeAccounts(b.N)
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	for i := 0; i < len(addresses); i++ {
 		trie.MustUpdate(crypto.Keccak256(addresses[i][:]), accounts[i])
 	}
@@ -728,7 +730,7 @@ func benchmarkCommitAfterHash(b *testing.B, collectLeaf bool) {
 func TestTinyTrie(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a realistic account trie to hash
 	_, accounts := makeAccounts(5)
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	trie.MustUpdate(common.Hex2Bytes("0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001337"), accounts[3])
 	if exp, root := common.HexToHash("8c6a85a4d9fda98feff88450299e574e5378e32391f75a055d470ac0653f1005"), trie.Hash(); exp != root {
 		t.Errorf("1: got %x, exp %x", root, exp)
@@ -741,7 +743,7 @@ func TestTinyTrie(t *testing.T) {
 	if exp, root := common.HexToHash("0608c1d1dc3905fa22204c7a0e43644831c3b6d3def0f274be623a948197e64a"), trie.Hash(); exp != root {
 		t.Errorf("3: got %x, exp %x", root, exp)
 	}
-	checktr := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	checktr := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	it := NewIterator(trie.MustNodeIterator(nil))
 	for it.Next() {
 		checktr.MustUpdate(it.Key, it.Value)
@@ -754,7 +756,7 @@ func TestTinyTrie(t *testing.T) {
 func TestCommitAfterHash(t *testing.T) {
 	// Create a realistic account trie to hash
 	addresses, accounts := makeAccounts(1000)
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	for i := 0; i < len(addresses); i++ {
 		trie.MustUpdate(crypto.Keccak256(addresses[i][:]), accounts[i])
 	}
@@ -808,6 +810,8 @@ type spongeDb struct {
 	sponge  hash.Hash
 	id      string
 	journal []string
+	keys    []string
+	values  map[string]string
 }
 
 func (s *spongeDb) Has(key []byte) (bool, error)             { panic("implement me") }
@@ -831,12 +835,27 @@ func (s *spongeDb) Put(key []byte, value []byte) error {
 		valbrief = valbrief[:8]
 	}
 	s.journal = append(s.journal, fmt.Sprintf("%v: PUT([%x...], [%d bytes] %x...)\n", s.id, keybrief, len(value), valbrief))
-	s.sponge.Write(key)
-	s.sponge.Write(value)
+
+	if s.values == nil {
+		s.sponge.Write(key)
+		s.sponge.Write(value)
+	} else {
+		s.keys = append(s.keys, string(key))
+		s.values[string(key)] = string(value)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 func (s *spongeDb) NewIterator(prefix []byte, start []byte) ethdb.Iterator { panic("implement me") }
 
+func (s *spongeDb) Flush() {
+	// Bottom-up, the longest path first
+	sort.Sort(sort.Reverse(sort.StringSlice(s.keys)))
+	for _, key := range s.keys {
+		s.sponge.Write([]byte(key))
+		s.sponge.Write([]byte(s.values[key]))
+	}
+}
+
 // spongeBatch is a dummy batch which immediately writes to the underlying spongedb
 type spongeBatch struct {
 	db *spongeDb
@@ -861,14 +880,14 @@ func TestCommitSequence(t *testing.T) {
 		count           int
 		expWriteSeqHash []byte
 	}{
-		{20, common.FromHex("873c78df73d60e59d4a2bcf3716e8bfe14554549fea2fc147cb54129382a8066")},
-		{200, common.FromHex("ba03d891bb15408c940eea5ee3d54d419595102648d02774a0268d892add9c8e")},
-		{2000, common.FromHex("f7a184f20df01c94f09537401d11e68d97ad0c00115233107f51b9c287ce60c7")},
+		{20, common.FromHex("330b0afae2853d96b9f015791fbe0fb7f239bf65f335f16dfc04b76c7536276d")},
+		{200, common.FromHex("5162b3735c06b5d606b043a3ee8adbdbbb408543f4966bca9dcc63da82684eeb")},
+		{2000, common.FromHex("4574cd8e6b17f3fe8ad89140d1d0bf4f1bd7a87a8ac3fb623b33550544c77635")},
 	} {
 		addresses, accounts := makeAccounts(tc.count)
 		// This spongeDb is used to check the sequence of disk-db-writes
 		s := &spongeDb{sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()}
-		db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(s), nil)
+		db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(s), rawdb.HashScheme)
 		trie := NewEmpty(db)
 		// Fill the trie with elements
 		for i := 0; i < tc.count; i++ {
@@ -876,9 +895,9 @@ func TestCommitSequence(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		// Flush trie -> database
 		root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
-		db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+		db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 		// Flush memdb -> disk (sponge)
-		db.Commit(root, false)
+		db.Commit(root)
 		if got, exp := s.sponge.Sum(nil), tc.expWriteSeqHash; !bytes.Equal(got, exp) {
 			t.Errorf("test %d, disk write sequence wrong:\ngot %x exp %x\n", i, got, exp)
 		}
@@ -892,14 +911,14 @@ func TestCommitSequenceRandomBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 		count           int
 		expWriteSeqHash []byte
 	}{
-		{20, common.FromHex("8e4a01548551d139fa9e833ebc4e66fc1ba40a4b9b7259d80db32cff7b64ebbc")},
-		{200, common.FromHex("6869b4e7b95f3097a19ddb30ff735f922b915314047e041614df06958fc50554")},
-		{2000, common.FromHex("444200e6f4e2df49f77752f629a96ccf7445d4698c164f962bbd85a0526ef424")},
+		{20, common.FromHex("8016650c7a50cf88485fd06cde52d634a89711051107f00d21fae98234f2f13d")},
+		{200, common.FromHex("dde92ca9812e068e6982d04b40846dc65a61a9fd4996fc0f55f2fde172a8e13c")},
+		{2000, common.FromHex("ab553a7f9aff82e3929c382908e30ef7dd17a332933e92ba3fe873fc661ef382")},
 	} {
 		prng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(int64(i)))
 		// This spongeDb is used to check the sequence of disk-db-writes
 		s := &spongeDb{sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()}
-		db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(s), nil)
+		db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(s), rawdb.HashScheme)
 		trie := NewEmpty(db)
 		// Fill the trie with elements
 		for i := 0; i < tc.count; i++ {
@@ -917,9 +936,9 @@ func TestCommitSequenceRandomBlobs(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		// Flush trie -> database
 		root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
-		db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
+		db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
 		// Flush memdb -> disk (sponge)
-		db.Commit(root, false)
+		db.Commit(root)
 		if got, exp := s.sponge.Sum(nil), tc.expWriteSeqHash; !bytes.Equal(got, exp) {
 			t.Fatalf("test %d, disk write sequence wrong:\ngot %x exp %x\n", i, got, exp)
 		}
@@ -930,17 +949,26 @@ func TestCommitSequenceStackTrie(t *testing.T) {
 	for count := 1; count < 200; count++ {
 		prng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(int64(count)))
 		// This spongeDb is used to check the sequence of disk-db-writes
-		s := &spongeDb{sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256(), id: "a"}
-		db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(s), nil)
+		s := &spongeDb{
+			sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256(),
+			id:     "a",
+			values: make(map[string]string),
+		}
+		db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(s), rawdb.HashScheme)
 		trie := NewEmpty(db)
-		// Another sponge is used for the stacktrie commits
-		stackTrieSponge := &spongeDb{sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256(), id: "b"}
 
+		// Another sponge is used for the stacktrie commits
+		stackTrieSponge := &spongeDb{
+			sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256(),
+			id:     "b",
+			values: make(map[string]string),
+		}
 		options := NewStackTrieOptions()
 		options = options.WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
 			rawdb.WriteTrieNode(stackTrieSponge, common.Hash{}, path, hash, blob, db.Scheme())
 		})
 		stTrie := NewStackTrie(options)
+
 		// Fill the trie with elements
 		for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
 			// For the stack trie, we need to do inserts in proper order
@@ -960,13 +988,16 @@ func TestCommitSequenceStackTrie(t *testing.T) {
 		// Flush trie -> database
 		root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
 		// Flush memdb -> disk (sponge)
-		db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
-		db.Commit(root, false)
+		db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+		db.Commit(root)
+		s.Flush()
+
 		// And flush stacktrie -> disk
 		stRoot := stTrie.Commit()
 		if stRoot != root {
 			t.Fatalf("root wrong, got %x exp %x", stRoot, root)
 		}
+		stackTrieSponge.Flush()
 		if got, exp := stackTrieSponge.sponge.Sum(nil), s.sponge.Sum(nil); !bytes.Equal(got, exp) {
 			// Show the journal
 			t.Logf("Expected:")
@@ -989,34 +1020,47 @@ func TestCommitSequenceStackTrie(t *testing.T) {
 // that even a small trie which contains a leaf will have an extension making it
 // not fit into 32 bytes, rlp-encoded. However, it's still the correct thing to do.
 func TestCommitSequenceSmallRoot(t *testing.T) {
-	s := &spongeDb{sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256(), id: "a"}
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(s), nil)
+	s := &spongeDb{
+		sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256(),
+		id:     "a",
+		values: make(map[string]string),
+	}
+	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewDatabase(s), rawdb.HashScheme)
 	trie := NewEmpty(db)
-	// Another sponge is used for the stacktrie commits
-	stackTrieSponge := &spongeDb{sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256(), id: "b"}
 
+	// Another sponge is used for the stacktrie commits
+	stackTrieSponge := &spongeDb{
+		sponge: sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256(),
+		id:     "b",
+		values: make(map[string]string),
+	}
 	options := NewStackTrieOptions()
 	options = options.WithWriter(func(path []byte, hash common.Hash, blob []byte) {
 		rawdb.WriteTrieNode(stackTrieSponge, common.Hash{}, path, hash, blob, db.Scheme())
 	})
 	stTrie := NewStackTrie(options)
+
 	// Add a single small-element to the trie(s)
 	key := make([]byte, 5)
 	key[0] = 1
 	trie.Update(key, []byte{0x1})
 	stTrie.Update(key, []byte{0x1})
+
 	// Flush trie -> database
 	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
 	// Flush memdb -> disk (sponge)
-	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
-	db.Commit(root, false)
+	db.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes))
+	db.Commit(root)
+
 	// And flush stacktrie -> disk
 	stRoot := stTrie.Commit()
 	if stRoot != root {
 		t.Fatalf("root wrong, got %x exp %x", stRoot, root)
 	}
-
 	t.Logf("root: %x\n", stRoot)
+
+	s.Flush()
+	stackTrieSponge.Flush()
 	if got, exp := stackTrieSponge.sponge.Sum(nil), s.sponge.Sum(nil); !bytes.Equal(got, exp) {
 		t.Fatalf("test, disk write sequence wrong:\ngot %x exp %x\n", got, exp)
 	}
@@ -1067,7 +1111,7 @@ func BenchmarkHashFixedSize(b *testing.B) {
 
 func benchmarkHashFixedSize(b *testing.B, addresses [][20]byte, accounts [][]byte) {
 	b.ReportAllocs()
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	for i := 0; i < len(addresses); i++ {
 		trie.MustUpdate(crypto.Keccak256(addresses[i][:]), accounts[i])
 	}
@@ -1118,7 +1162,7 @@ func BenchmarkCommitAfterHashFixedSize(b *testing.B) {
 
 func benchmarkCommitAfterHashFixedSize(b *testing.B, addresses [][20]byte, accounts [][]byte) {
 	b.ReportAllocs()
-	trie := NewEmpty(NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil))
+	trie := NewEmpty(newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.HashScheme))
 	for i := 0; i < len(addresses); i++ {
 		trie.MustUpdate(crypto.Keccak256(addresses[i][:]), accounts[i])
 	}
@@ -1129,60 +1173,6 @@ func benchmarkCommitAfterHashFixedSize(b *testing.B, addresses [][20]byte, accou
 	b.StopTimer()
 }
 
-func BenchmarkDerefRootFixedSize(b *testing.B) {
-	b.Run("10", func(b *testing.B) {
-		b.StopTimer()
-		acc, add := makeAccounts(20)
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			benchmarkDerefRootFixedSize(b, acc, add)
-		}
-	})
-	b.Run("100", func(b *testing.B) {
-		b.StopTimer()
-		acc, add := makeAccounts(100)
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			benchmarkDerefRootFixedSize(b, acc, add)
-		}
-	})
-
-	b.Run("1K", func(b *testing.B) {
-		b.StopTimer()
-		acc, add := makeAccounts(1000)
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			benchmarkDerefRootFixedSize(b, acc, add)
-		}
-	})
-	b.Run("10K", func(b *testing.B) {
-		b.StopTimer()
-		acc, add := makeAccounts(10000)
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			benchmarkDerefRootFixedSize(b, acc, add)
-		}
-	})
-	b.Run("100K", func(b *testing.B) {
-		b.StopTimer()
-		acc, add := makeAccounts(100000)
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			benchmarkDerefRootFixedSize(b, acc, add)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func benchmarkDerefRootFixedSize(b *testing.B, addresses [][20]byte, accounts [][]byte) {
-	b.ReportAllocs()
-	triedb := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), nil)
-	trie := NewEmpty(triedb)
-	for i := 0; i < len(addresses); i++ {
-		trie.MustUpdate(crypto.Keccak256(addresses[i][:]), accounts[i])
-	}
-	h := trie.Hash()
-	root, nodes, _ := trie.Commit(false)
-	triedb.Update(root, types.EmptyRootHash, 0, trienode.NewWithNodeSet(nodes), nil)
-	b.StartTimer()
-	triedb.Dereference(h)
-	b.StopTimer()
-}
-
 func getString(trie *Trie, k string) []byte {
 	return trie.MustGet([]byte(k))
 }
diff --git a/trie/verkle.go b/trie/verkle.go
index c21a796a0..01d813d9e 100644
--- a/trie/verkle.go
+++ b/trie/verkle.go
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
 	"github.com/gballet/go-verkle"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
@@ -39,13 +40,12 @@ var (
 // interface so that Verkle trees can be reused verbatim.
 type VerkleTrie struct {
 	root   verkle.VerkleNode
-	db     *Database
 	cache  *utils.PointCache
 	reader *trieReader
 }
 
 // NewVerkleTrie constructs a verkle tree based on the specified root hash.
-func NewVerkleTrie(root common.Hash, db *Database, cache *utils.PointCache) (*VerkleTrie, error) {
+func NewVerkleTrie(root common.Hash, db database.Database, cache *utils.PointCache) (*VerkleTrie, error) {
 	reader, err := newTrieReader(root, common.Hash{}, db)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ func NewVerkleTrie(root common.Hash, db *Database, cache *utils.PointCache) (*Ve
 	}
 	return &VerkleTrie{
 		root:   node,
-		db:     db,
 		cache:  cache,
 		reader: reader,
 	}, nil
@@ -261,7 +260,6 @@ func (t *VerkleTrie) Prove(key []byte, proofDb ethdb.KeyValueWriter) error {
 func (t *VerkleTrie) Copy() *VerkleTrie {
 	return &VerkleTrie{
 		root:   t.root.Copy(),
-		db:     t.db,
 		cache:  t.cache,
 		reader: t.reader,
 	}
diff --git a/trie/verkle_test.go b/trie/verkle_test.go
index 1c65b673a..0cbe28bf0 100644
--- a/trie/verkle_test.go
+++ b/trie/verkle_test.go
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/utils"
 	"github.com/holiman/uint256"
 )
@@ -57,12 +56,7 @@ var (
 )
 
 func TestVerkleTreeReadWrite(t *testing.T) {
-	db := NewDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), &Config{
-		IsVerkle: true,
-		PathDB:   pathdb.Defaults,
-	})
-	defer db.Close()
-
+	db := newTestDatabase(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), rawdb.PathScheme)
 	tr, _ := NewVerkleTrie(types.EmptyVerkleHash, db, utils.NewPointCache(100))
 
 	for addr, acct := range accounts {
diff --git a/trie/database.go b/triedb/database.go
similarity index 91%
rename from trie/database.go
rename to triedb/database.go
index e20f7ef90..939a21f14 100644
--- a/trie/database.go
+++ b/triedb/database.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-package trie
+package triedb
 
 import (
 	"errors"
@@ -22,10 +22,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/hashdb"
-	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triedb/pathdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/trienode"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie/triestate"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/database"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/hashdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb"
 )
 
 // Config defines all necessary options for database.
@@ -108,14 +110,21 @@ func NewDatabase(diskdb ethdb.Database, config *Config) *Database {
 	if config.PathDB != nil {
 		db.backend = pathdb.New(diskdb, config.PathDB)
 	} else {
-		db.backend = hashdb.New(diskdb, config.HashDB, mptResolver{})
+		var resolver hashdb.ChildResolver
+		if config.IsVerkle {
+			// TODO define verkle resolver
+			log.Crit("Verkle node resolver is not defined")
+		} else {
+			resolver = trie.MerkleResolver{}
+		}
+		db.backend = hashdb.New(diskdb, config.HashDB, resolver)
 	}
 	return db
 }
 
 // Reader returns a reader for accessing all trie nodes with provided state root.
 // An error will be returned if the requested state is not available.
-func (db *Database) Reader(blockRoot common.Hash) (Reader, error) {
+func (db *Database) Reader(blockRoot common.Hash) (database.Reader, error) {
 	switch b := db.backend.(type) {
 	case *hashdb.Database:
 		return b.Reader(blockRoot)
@@ -190,8 +199,7 @@ func (db *Database) WritePreimages() {
 	}
 }
 
-// Preimage retrieves a cached trie node pre-image from memory. If it cannot be
-// found cached, the method queries the persistent database for the content.
+// Preimage retrieves a cached trie node pre-image from preimage store.
 func (db *Database) Preimage(hash common.Hash) []byte {
 	if db.preimages == nil {
 		return nil
@@ -199,6 +207,14 @@ func (db *Database) Preimage(hash common.Hash) []byte {
 	return db.preimages.preimage(hash)
 }
 
+// InsertPreimage writes pre-images of trie node to the preimage store.
+func (db *Database) InsertPreimage(preimages map[common.Hash][]byte) {
+	if db.preimages == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	db.preimages.insertPreimage(preimages)
+}
+
 // Cap iteratively flushes old but still referenced trie nodes until the total
 // memory usage goes below the given threshold. The held pre-images accumulated
 // up to this point will be flushed in case the size exceeds the threshold.
@@ -249,7 +265,14 @@ func (db *Database) Recover(target common.Hash) error {
 	if !ok {
 		return errors.New("not supported")
 	}
-	return pdb.Recover(target, &trieLoader{db: db})
+	var loader triestate.TrieLoader
+	if db.config.IsVerkle {
+		// TODO define verkle loader
+		log.Crit("Verkle loader is not defined")
+	} else {
+		loader = trie.NewMerkleLoader(db)
+	}
+	return pdb.Recover(target, loader)
 }
 
 // Recoverable returns the indicator if the specified state is enabled to be
diff --git a/triedb/database/database.go b/triedb/database/database.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..18a8f454e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/triedb/database/database.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package database
+
+import (
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+)
+
+// Reader wraps the Node method of a backing trie reader.
+type Reader interface {
+	// Node retrieves the trie node blob with the provided trie identifier,
+	// node path and the corresponding node hash. No error will be returned
+	// if the node is not found.
+	Node(owner common.Hash, path []byte, hash common.Hash) ([]byte, error)
+}
+
+// PreimageStore wraps the methods of a backing store for reading and writing
+// trie node preimages.
+type PreimageStore interface {
+	// Preimage retrieves the preimage of the specified hash.
+	Preimage(hash common.Hash) []byte
+
+	// InsertPreimage commits a set of preimages along with their hashes.
+	InsertPreimage(preimages map[common.Hash][]byte)
+}
+
+// Database wraps the methods of a backing trie store.
+type Database interface {
+	PreimageStore
+
+	// Reader returns a node reader associated with the specific state.
+	// An error will be returned if the specified state is not available.
+	Reader(stateRoot common.Hash) (Reader, error)
+}
diff --git a/trie/triedb/hashdb/database.go b/triedb/hashdb/database.go
similarity index 100%
rename from trie/triedb/hashdb/database.go
rename to triedb/hashdb/database.go
diff --git a/trie/triedb/pathdb/database.go b/triedb/pathdb/database.go
similarity index 100%
rename from trie/triedb/pathdb/database.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/database.go
diff --git a/trie/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
similarity index 100%
rename from trie/triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/database_test.go
diff --git a/trie/triedb/pathdb/difflayer.go b/triedb/pathdb/difflayer.go
similarity index 100%
rename from trie/triedb/pathdb/difflayer.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/difflayer.go
diff --git a/trie/triedb/pathdb/difflayer_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/difflayer_test.go
similarity index 100%
rename from trie/triedb/pathdb/difflayer_test.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/difflayer_test.go
diff --git a/trie/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go b/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
similarity index 100%
rename from trie/triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/disklayer.go
diff --git a/trie/triedb/pathdb/errors.go b/triedb/pathdb/errors.go
similarity index 100%
rename from trie/triedb/pathdb/errors.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/errors.go
diff --git a/trie/triedb/pathdb/history.go b/triedb/pathdb/history.go
similarity index 100%
rename from trie/triedb/pathdb/history.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/history.go
diff --git a/trie/triedb/pathdb/history_test.go b/triedb/pathdb/history_test.go
similarity index 100%
rename from trie/triedb/pathdb/history_test.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/history_test.go
diff --git a/trie/triedb/pathdb/journal.go b/triedb/pathdb/journal.go
similarity index 100%
rename from trie/triedb/pathdb/journal.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/journal.go
diff --git a/trie/triedb/pathdb/layertree.go b/triedb/pathdb/layertree.go
similarity index 100%
rename from trie/triedb/pathdb/layertree.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/layertree.go
diff --git a/trie/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go b/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go
similarity index 100%
rename from trie/triedb/pathdb/metrics.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/metrics.go
diff --git a/trie/triedb/pathdb/nodebuffer.go b/triedb/pathdb/nodebuffer.go
similarity index 100%
rename from trie/triedb/pathdb/nodebuffer.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/nodebuffer.go
diff --git a/trie/triedb/pathdb/testutils.go b/triedb/pathdb/testutils.go
similarity index 100%
rename from trie/triedb/pathdb/testutils.go
rename to triedb/pathdb/testutils.go
diff --git a/trie/preimages.go b/triedb/preimages.go
similarity index 99%
rename from trie/preimages.go
rename to triedb/preimages.go
index 66f34117c..a5384910f 100644
--- a/trie/preimages.go
+++ b/triedb/preimages.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
-package trie
+package triedb
 
 import (
 	"sync"