// Copyright 2014 The go-ethereum Authors // This file is part of the go-ethereum library. // // The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify // it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by // the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or // (at your option) any later version. // // The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, // but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of // MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the // GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. // // You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License // along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see . package core import ( "bytes" "encoding/json" "errors" "fmt" "math/big" "strings" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/hexutil" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/math" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/rawdb" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/params" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/trie" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb" "github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/triedb/pathdb" "github.com/holiman/uint256" ) //go:generate go run github.com/fjl/gencodec -type Genesis -field-override genesisSpecMarshaling -out gen_genesis.go var errGenesisNoConfig = errors.New("genesis has no chain configuration") // Deprecated: use types.GenesisAccount instead. type GenesisAccount = types.Account // Deprecated: use types.GenesisAlloc instead. type GenesisAlloc = types.GenesisAlloc // Genesis specifies the header fields, state of a genesis block. It also defines hard // fork switch-over blocks through the chain configuration. type Genesis struct { Config *params.ChainConfig `json:"config"` Nonce uint64 `json:"nonce"` Timestamp uint64 `json:"timestamp"` ExtraData []byte `json:"extraData"` GasLimit uint64 `json:"gasLimit" gencodec:"required"` Difficulty *big.Int `json:"difficulty" gencodec:"required"` Mixhash common.Hash `json:"mixHash"` Coinbase common.Address `json:"coinbase"` Alloc types.GenesisAlloc `json:"alloc" gencodec:"required"` // These fields are used for consensus tests. Please don't use them // in actual genesis blocks. Number uint64 `json:"number"` GasUsed uint64 `json:"gasUsed"` ParentHash common.Hash `json:"parentHash"` BaseFee *big.Int `json:"baseFeePerGas"` // EIP-1559 ExcessBlobGas *uint64 `json:"excessBlobGas"` // EIP-4844 BlobGasUsed *uint64 `json:"blobGasUsed"` // EIP-4844 } func ReadGenesis(db ethdb.Database) (*Genesis, error) { var genesis Genesis stored := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(db, 0) if (stored == common.Hash{}) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid genesis hash in database: %x", stored) } blob := rawdb.ReadGenesisStateSpec(db, stored) if blob == nil { return nil, errors.New("genesis state missing from db") } if len(blob) != 0 { if err := genesis.Alloc.UnmarshalJSON(blob); err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not unmarshal genesis state json: %s", err) } } genesis.Config = rawdb.ReadChainConfig(db, stored) if genesis.Config == nil { return nil, errors.New("genesis config missing from db") } genesisBlock := rawdb.ReadBlock(db, stored, 0) if genesisBlock == nil { return nil, errors.New("genesis block missing from db") } genesisHeader := genesisBlock.Header() genesis.Nonce = genesisHeader.Nonce.Uint64() genesis.Timestamp = genesisHeader.Time genesis.ExtraData = genesisHeader.Extra genesis.GasLimit = genesisHeader.GasLimit genesis.Difficulty = genesisHeader.Difficulty genesis.Mixhash = genesisHeader.MixDigest genesis.Coinbase = genesisHeader.Coinbase genesis.BaseFee = genesisHeader.BaseFee genesis.ExcessBlobGas = genesisHeader.ExcessBlobGas genesis.BlobGasUsed = genesisHeader.BlobGasUsed return &genesis, nil } // hashAlloc computes the state root according to the genesis specification. func hashAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, isVerkle bool) (common.Hash, error) { // If a genesis-time verkle trie is requested, create a trie config // with the verkle trie enabled so that the tree can be initialized // as such. var config *triedb.Config if isVerkle { config = &triedb.Config{ PathDB: pathdb.Defaults, IsVerkle: true, } } // Create an ephemeral in-memory database for computing hash, // all the derived states will be discarded to not pollute disk. db := state.NewDatabaseWithConfig(rawdb.NewMemoryDatabase(), config) statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, db, nil) if err != nil { return common.Hash{}, err } for addr, account := range *ga { if account.Balance != nil { statedb.AddBalance(addr, uint256.MustFromBig(account.Balance)) } statedb.SetCode(addr, account.Code) statedb.SetNonce(addr, account.Nonce) for key, value := range account.Storage { statedb.SetState(addr, key, value) } } return statedb.Commit(0, false) } // flushAlloc is very similar with hash, but the main difference is all the generated // states will be persisted into the given database. Also, the genesis state // specification will be flushed as well. func flushAlloc(ga *types.GenesisAlloc, db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database, blockhash common.Hash) error { statedb, err := state.New(types.EmptyRootHash, state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(db, triedb), nil) if err != nil { return err } for addr, account := range *ga { if account.Balance != nil { statedb.AddBalance(addr, uint256.MustFromBig(account.Balance)) } statedb.SetCode(addr, account.Code) statedb.SetNonce(addr, account.Nonce) for key, value := range account.Storage { statedb.SetState(addr, key, value) } } root, err := statedb.Commit(0, false) if err != nil { return err } // Commit newly generated states into disk if it's not empty. if root != types.EmptyRootHash { if err := triedb.Commit(root, true); err != nil { return err } } // Marshal the genesis state specification and persist. blob, err := json.Marshal(ga) if err != nil { return err } rawdb.WriteGenesisStateSpec(db, blockhash, blob) return nil } // field type overrides for gencodec type genesisSpecMarshaling struct { Nonce math.HexOrDecimal64 Timestamp math.HexOrDecimal64 ExtraData hexutil.Bytes GasLimit math.HexOrDecimal64 GasUsed math.HexOrDecimal64 Number math.HexOrDecimal64 Difficulty *math.HexOrDecimal256 Alloc map[common.UnprefixedAddress]types.Account BaseFee *math.HexOrDecimal256 ExcessBlobGas *math.HexOrDecimal64 BlobGasUsed *math.HexOrDecimal64 } // GenesisMismatchError is raised when trying to overwrite an existing // genesis block with an incompatible one. type GenesisMismatchError struct { Stored, New common.Hash } func (e *GenesisMismatchError) Error() string { return fmt.Sprintf("database contains incompatible genesis (have %x, new %x)", e.Stored, e.New) } // ChainOverrides contains the changes to chain config. type ChainOverrides struct { OverrideCancun *uint64 OverrideVerkle *uint64 } // SetupGenesisBlock writes or updates the genesis block in db. // The block that will be used is: // // genesis == nil genesis != nil // +------------------------------------------ // db has no genesis | main-net default | genesis // db has genesis | from DB | genesis (if compatible) // // The stored chain configuration will be updated if it is compatible (i.e. does not // specify a fork block below the local head block). In case of a conflict, the // error is a *params.ConfigCompatError and the new, unwritten config is returned. // // The returned chain configuration is never nil. func SetupGenesisBlock(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database, genesis *Genesis) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) { return SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db, triedb, genesis, nil) } func SetupGenesisBlockWithOverride(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database, genesis *Genesis, overrides *ChainOverrides) (*params.ChainConfig, common.Hash, error) { if genesis != nil && genesis.Config == nil { return params.AllEthashProtocolChanges, common.Hash{}, errGenesisNoConfig } applyOverrides := func(config *params.ChainConfig) { if config != nil { if overrides != nil && overrides.OverrideCancun != nil { config.CancunTime = overrides.OverrideCancun } if overrides != nil && overrides.OverrideVerkle != nil { config.VerkleTime = overrides.OverrideVerkle } } } // Just commit the new block if there is no stored genesis block. stored := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(db, 0) if (stored == common.Hash{}) { if genesis == nil { log.Info("Writing default main-net genesis block") genesis = DefaultGenesisBlock() } else { log.Info("Writing custom genesis block") } applyOverrides(genesis.Config) block, err := genesis.Commit(db, triedb) if err != nil { return genesis.Config, common.Hash{}, err } return genesis.Config, block.Hash(), nil } // The genesis block is present(perhaps in ancient database) while the // state database is not initialized yet. It can happen that the node // is initialized with an external ancient store. Commit genesis state // in this case. header := rawdb.ReadHeader(db, stored, 0) if header.Root != types.EmptyRootHash && !triedb.Initialized(header.Root) { if genesis == nil { genesis = DefaultGenesisBlock() } applyOverrides(genesis.Config) // Ensure the stored genesis matches with the given one. hash := genesis.ToBlock().Hash() if hash != stored { return genesis.Config, hash, &GenesisMismatchError{stored, hash} } block, err := genesis.Commit(db, triedb) if err != nil { return genesis.Config, hash, err } return genesis.Config, block.Hash(), nil } // Assume mainnet chainId first chainId := params.MainnetChainConfig.ChainID.Uint64() // Note: The `genesis` argument will be one of: // - nil: if running without the `init` command and without providing a network flag (--pulsechain, --ropsten, etc..) // - defaulted: when a network flag is provided (--pulsechain, --ropsten, etc..), genesis will hold the defaults // - custom: if running with the `init` command supplying a custom genesis.json file, genesis will hold the file contents // Check whether the genesis block is already written. if genesis != nil { applyOverrides(genesis.Config) if genesis.Config.ChainID != nil { chainId = genesis.Config.ChainID.Uint64() } hash := genesis.ToBlock().Hash() if hash != stored { return genesis.Config, hash, &GenesisMismatchError{stored, hash} } } // Get the existing chain configuration. newcfg := genesis.configOrDefault(stored, chainId) applyOverrides(newcfg) if err := newcfg.CheckConfigForkOrder(); err != nil { return newcfg, common.Hash{}, err } storedcfg := rawdb.ReadChainConfig(db, stored) if storedcfg == nil { log.Warn("Found genesis block without chain config") rawdb.WriteChainConfig(db, stored, newcfg) return newcfg, stored, nil } storedData, _ := json.Marshal(storedcfg) // Special case: if a private network is being used (no genesis and also no // mainnet hash in the database), we must not apply the `configOrDefault` // chain config as that would be AllProtocolChanges (applying any new fork // on top of an existing private network genesis block). In that case, only // apply the overrides. // Added: support custom config for PrimordialPulse fork with mainnet genesis // and non-standard chain id. if genesis == nil && (storedcfg.PrimordialPulseBlock != nil || stored != params.MainnetGenesisHash) { newcfg = storedcfg applyOverrides(newcfg) } // Check config compatibility and write the config. Compatibility errors // are returned to the caller unless we're already at block zero. head := rawdb.ReadHeadHeader(db) if head == nil { return newcfg, stored, errors.New("missing head header") } compatErr := storedcfg.CheckCompatible(newcfg, head.Number.Uint64(), head.Time) if compatErr != nil && ((head.Number.Uint64() != 0 && compatErr.RewindToBlock != 0) || (head.Time != 0 && compatErr.RewindToTime != 0)) { return newcfg, stored, compatErr } // Don't overwrite if the old is identical to the new if newData, _ := json.Marshal(newcfg); !bytes.Equal(storedData, newData) { rawdb.WriteChainConfig(db, stored, newcfg) } return newcfg, stored, nil } // LoadChainConfig loads the stored chain config if it is already present in // database, otherwise, return the config in the provided genesis specification. func LoadChainConfig(db ethdb.Database, genesis *Genesis) (*params.ChainConfig, error) { // Load the stored chain config from the database. It can be nil // in case the database is empty. Notably, we only care about the // chain config corresponds to the canonical chain. stored := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(db, 0) if stored != (common.Hash{}) { storedcfg := rawdb.ReadChainConfig(db, stored) if storedcfg != nil { return storedcfg, nil } } // Load the config from the provided genesis specification if genesis != nil { // Reject invalid genesis spec without valid chain config if genesis.Config == nil { return nil, errGenesisNoConfig } // If the canonical genesis header is present, but the chain // config is missing(initialize the empty leveldb with an // external ancient chain segment), ensure the provided genesis // is matched. if stored != (common.Hash{}) && genesis.ToBlock().Hash() != stored { return nil, &GenesisMismatchError{stored, genesis.ToBlock().Hash()} } return genesis.Config, nil } // There is no stored chain config and no new config provided, // In this case the default chain config(mainnet) will be used return params.MainnetChainConfig, nil } func (g *Genesis) configOrDefault(ghash common.Hash, chainId uint64) *params.ChainConfig { switch { case g != nil: return g.Config case ghash == params.MainnetGenesisHash: switch chainId { case params.PulseChainConfig.ChainID.Uint64(): return params.PulseChainConfig case params.PulseChainTestnetV4Config.ChainID.Uint64(): return params.PulseChainTestnetV4Config default: return params.MainnetChainConfig } case ghash == params.HoleskyGenesisHash: return params.HoleskyChainConfig case ghash == params.SepoliaGenesisHash: return params.SepoliaChainConfig case ghash == params.GoerliGenesisHash: return params.GoerliChainConfig default: return params.AllEthashProtocolChanges } } // IsVerkle indicates whether the state is already stored in a verkle // tree at genesis time. func (g *Genesis) IsVerkle() bool { return g.Config.IsVerkle(new(big.Int).SetUint64(g.Number), g.Timestamp) } // ToBlock returns the genesis block according to genesis specification. func (g *Genesis) ToBlock() *types.Block { root, err := hashAlloc(&g.Alloc, g.IsVerkle()) if err != nil { panic(err) } head := &types.Header{ Number: new(big.Int).SetUint64(g.Number), Nonce: types.EncodeNonce(g.Nonce), Time: g.Timestamp, ParentHash: g.ParentHash, Extra: g.ExtraData, GasLimit: g.GasLimit, GasUsed: g.GasUsed, BaseFee: g.BaseFee, Difficulty: g.Difficulty, MixDigest: g.Mixhash, Coinbase: g.Coinbase, Root: root, } if g.GasLimit == 0 { head.GasLimit = params.GenesisGasLimit } if g.Difficulty == nil && g.Mixhash == (common.Hash{}) { head.Difficulty = params.GenesisDifficulty } if g.Config != nil && g.Config.IsLondon(common.Big0) { if g.BaseFee != nil { head.BaseFee = g.BaseFee } else { head.BaseFee = new(big.Int).SetUint64(params.InitialBaseFee) } } var withdrawals []*types.Withdrawal if conf := g.Config; conf != nil { num := big.NewInt(int64(g.Number)) if conf.IsShanghai(num, g.Timestamp) { head.WithdrawalsHash = &types.EmptyWithdrawalsHash withdrawals = make([]*types.Withdrawal, 0) } if conf.IsCancun(num, g.Timestamp) { // EIP-4788: The parentBeaconBlockRoot of the genesis block is always // the zero hash. This is because the genesis block does not have a parent // by definition. head.ParentBeaconRoot = new(common.Hash) // EIP-4844 fields head.ExcessBlobGas = g.ExcessBlobGas head.BlobGasUsed = g.BlobGasUsed if head.ExcessBlobGas == nil { head.ExcessBlobGas = new(uint64) } if head.BlobGasUsed == nil { head.BlobGasUsed = new(uint64) } } } return types.NewBlock(head, nil, nil, nil, trie.NewStackTrie(nil)).WithWithdrawals(withdrawals) } // Commit writes the block and state of a genesis specification to the database. // The block is committed as the canonical head block. func (g *Genesis) Commit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) (*types.Block, error) { block := g.ToBlock() if block.Number().Sign() != 0 { return nil, errors.New("can't commit genesis block with number > 0") } config := g.Config if config == nil { config = params.AllEthashProtocolChanges } if err := config.CheckConfigForkOrder(); err != nil { return nil, err } if config.Clique != nil && len(block.Extra()) < 32+crypto.SignatureLength { return nil, errors.New("can't start clique chain without signers") } // All the checks has passed, flushAlloc the states derived from the genesis // specification as well as the specification itself into the provided // database. if err := flushAlloc(&g.Alloc, db, triedb, block.Hash()); err != nil { return nil, err } rawdb.WriteTd(db, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), block.Difficulty()) rawdb.WriteBlock(db, block) rawdb.WriteReceipts(db, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), nil) rawdb.WriteCanonicalHash(db, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64()) rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(db, block.Hash()) rawdb.WriteHeadFastBlockHash(db, block.Hash()) rawdb.WriteHeadHeaderHash(db, block.Hash()) rawdb.WriteChainConfig(db, block.Hash(), config) return block, nil } // MustCommit writes the genesis block and state to db, panicking on error. // The block is committed as the canonical head block. func (g *Genesis) MustCommit(db ethdb.Database, triedb *triedb.Database) *types.Block { block, err := g.Commit(db, triedb) if err != nil { panic(err) } return block } // DefaultGenesisBlock returns the Ethereum main net genesis block. func DefaultGenesisBlock() *Genesis { return &Genesis{ Config: params.MainnetChainConfig, Nonce: 66, ExtraData: hexutil.MustDecode("0x11bbe8db4e347b4e8c937c1c8370e4b5ed33adb3db69cbdb7a38e1e50b1b82fa"), GasLimit: 5000, Difficulty: big.NewInt(17179869184), Alloc: decodePrealloc(mainnetAllocData), } } // DefaultPulseChainGenesisBlock returns the PulseChain mainnet genesis block. func DefaultPulseChainGenesisBlock() *Genesis { return &Genesis{ Config: params.PulseChainConfig, Nonce: 66, ExtraData: hexutil.MustDecode("0x11bbe8db4e347b4e8c937c1c8370e4b5ed33adb3db69cbdb7a38e1e50b1b82fa"), GasLimit: 5000, Difficulty: big.NewInt(17179869184), Alloc: decodePrealloc(mainnetAllocData), } } // DefaultGoerliGenesisBlock returns the Görli network genesis block. func DefaultGoerliGenesisBlock() *Genesis { return &Genesis{ Config: params.GoerliChainConfig, Timestamp: 1548854791, ExtraData: hexutil.MustDecode("0x22466c6578692069732061207468696e6722202d204166726900000000000000e0a2bd4258d2768837baa26a28fe71dc079f84c70000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"), GasLimit: 10485760, Difficulty: big.NewInt(1), Alloc: decodePrealloc(goerliAllocData), } } // DefaultSepoliaGenesisBlock returns the Sepolia network genesis block. func DefaultSepoliaGenesisBlock() *Genesis { return &Genesis{ Config: params.SepoliaChainConfig, Nonce: 0, ExtraData: []byte("Sepolia, Athens, Attica, Greece!"), GasLimit: 0x1c9c380, Difficulty: big.NewInt(0x20000), Timestamp: 1633267481, Alloc: decodePrealloc(sepoliaAllocData), } } // DefaultHoleskyGenesisBlock returns the Holesky network genesis block. func DefaultHoleskyGenesisBlock() *Genesis { return &Genesis{ Config: params.HoleskyChainConfig, Nonce: 0x1234, GasLimit: 0x17d7840, Difficulty: big.NewInt(0x01), Timestamp: 1695902100, Alloc: decodePrealloc(holeskyAllocData), } } // DefaultPulseChainTestnetV4GenesisBlock returns the PulseChain Testnet V4 genesis block. func DefaultPulseChainTestnetV4GenesisBlock() *Genesis { return &Genesis{ Config: params.PulseChainTestnetV4Config, Nonce: 66, ExtraData: hexutil.MustDecode("0x11bbe8db4e347b4e8c937c1c8370e4b5ed33adb3db69cbdb7a38e1e50b1b82fa"), GasLimit: 5000, Difficulty: big.NewInt(17179869184), Alloc: decodePrealloc(mainnetAllocData), } } // DeveloperGenesisBlock returns the 'geth --dev' genesis block. func DeveloperGenesisBlock(gasLimit uint64, faucet *common.Address) *Genesis { // Override the default period to the user requested one config := *params.AllDevChainProtocolChanges // Assemble and return the genesis with the precompiles and faucet pre-funded genesis := &Genesis{ Config: &config, GasLimit: gasLimit, BaseFee: big.NewInt(params.InitialBaseFee), Difficulty: big.NewInt(1), Alloc: map[common.Address]types.Account{ common.BytesToAddress([]byte{1}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECRecover common.BytesToAddress([]byte{2}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // SHA256 common.BytesToAddress([]byte{3}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // RIPEMD common.BytesToAddress([]byte{4}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // Identity common.BytesToAddress([]byte{5}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ModExp common.BytesToAddress([]byte{6}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECAdd common.BytesToAddress([]byte{7}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECScalarMul common.BytesToAddress([]byte{8}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // ECPairing common.BytesToAddress([]byte{9}): {Balance: big.NewInt(1)}, // BLAKE2b }, } if faucet != nil { genesis.Alloc[*faucet] = types.Account{Balance: new(big.Int).Sub(new(big.Int).Lsh(big.NewInt(1), 256), big.NewInt(9))} } return genesis } func decodePrealloc(data string) types.GenesisAlloc { var p []struct { Addr *big.Int Balance *big.Int Misc *struct { Nonce uint64 Code []byte Slots []struct { Key common.Hash Val common.Hash } } `rlp:"optional"` } if err := rlp.NewStream(strings.NewReader(data), 0).Decode(&p); err != nil { panic(err) } ga := make(types.GenesisAlloc, len(p)) for _, account := range p { acc := types.Account{Balance: account.Balance} if account.Misc != nil { acc.Nonce = account.Misc.Nonce acc.Code = account.Misc.Code acc.Storage = make(map[common.Hash]common.Hash) for _, slot := range account.Misc.Slots { acc.Storage[slot.Key] = slot.Val } } ga[common.BigToAddress(account.Addr)] = acc } return ga }